Published March 2020, 735 pages, 224 tables, 197 figures
Carbon based-nanomaterials include fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene and its derivatives, graphene oxide, nanodiamonds, and carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs). Due to their unique structural dimensions and excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical and chemical properties, carbon nanomaterials have gained great interest in a wide range of industrial market.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are the strongest, lightest and most conductive fibres known to man, with a performance-per-weight greater than any other material. In direct competition in a number of markets, they are complementary in others.
Once the most promising of all nanomaterials, MWCNTs face stiff competition in conductive applications from graphene and other 2D materials and in mechanically enhanced composites from nanocellulose. Several major producers have closed their MWCNT capacities, but applications continue to come to market and LG Chem has established a large-scale production facility. Super-aligned CNT arrays, films and yarns have found applications in consumer electronics, batteries, polymer composites, aerospace, sensors, heaters, filters and biomedicine.
Large-scale industrial production of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been initiated, promising new market opportunities in transparent conductive films, condcuctive materials, transistors, sensors and memory devices. Again, a number of producers have ceased production, but those left are finding increased demand for their materials. SCWNTs are regarded as one of the most promising candidates to utilized as building blocks in next generation electronics.
Two-dimensional(2D) materials are currently one of the most active areas of nanomaterials research, and offer a huge opportunity for both fundamental studies and practical applications, including superfast, low-power, flexible and wearable electronics, sensors, photonics and electrochemical energy storage devices that will have an immense impact on our society.
Graphene is a ground-breaking two-dimensional (2D) material that possesses extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties that promise a new generation of innovative devices. New methods of scalable synthesis of high-quality graphene, clean delamination transfer and device integration have resulted in the commercialization of state-of-the-art electronics such as graphene touchscreens in smartphones and flexible RF devices on plastics.
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are relatively easy and inexpensive to produce, and have moved towards large-scale commercialization due to their excellent mechanical, thermal properties and chemical stability.
Other carbon nanomaterials of interest include fullerenes and more recently, carbon and graphene quantum dots.
This report on the carbon nanotubes, graphene and 2D materials and nanodiamonds market is by far the most comprehensive and authoritative report produced.
Report contents include:
- Carbon nanotubes, fullerene, nanodiamond and graphene products.
- Assessment of carbon nanomaterials market including production volumes, competitive landscape, commercial prospects, applications, demand by market and region, commercialization timelines, prices and producer profiles.
- Unique assessment tools for the carbon nanomaterials market, end user applications, economic impact, addressable markets and market challenges to provide the complete picture of where the real opportunities in carbon nanomaterials are.
- Company profiles of carbon nanotubes, graphene, 2D materials, fullerenes, carbon quantum dots and nanodiamonds producers and product developers, including products, target markets and contact details
- Market assessment of other 2D materials.
- Assessment of carbon nanomaterials by market including applications, key benefits, market megatrends, market drivers for, technology drawbacks, competing materials, potential consumption of to 2030 and main players.
- In depth-assessment of carbon nanomaterials producer and distributor pricing in 2020.
- Global market for carbon nanomaterials in tons, by sector, historical and forecast to 2030.
- Full list of technology collaborations, strategic partnerships, and M&As in the global carbon nanomaterials market.
- In-depth profiles of carbon nanomaterials producers including products, production capacities, manufacturing methods, collaborations, licensing, customers and target markets.
- Detailed forecasts for key growth areas, opportunities and demand.
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................41
1.1 GRAPHENE....................................................................................................................................... 41
1.1.1 Why graphene?........................................................................................................................ 41
1.1.1.1 Exceptional properties.................................................................................................... 41
1.1.1.2 Commercial opportunities............................................................................................... 42
1.1.1.3 Collaboration key?.......................................................................................................... 43
1.1.2 The market in 2019................................................................................................................... 43
1.1.3 Future global market outlook.................................................................................................... 46
1.1.4 Graphene producers and production capacities...................................................................... 48
1.1.5 Global graphene demand, 2018-2030, tons........................................................................... 50
1.1.6 Graphene market by region...................................................................................................... 58
1.1.6.1 Asia-Pacific..................................................................................................................... 58
1.1.6.2 North America................................................................................................................. 61
1.1.6.3 Europe............................................................................................................................. 63
1.1.7 Graphene products................................................................................................................... 65
1.1.8 Graphene investments............................................................................................................. 67
1.1.9 Industrial collaborations and licence agreements.................................................................... 69
1.1.10 Graphene market challenges................................................................................................... 75
1.2 CARBON NANOTUBES.................................................................................................................... 77
1.2.1 Exceptional properties.............................................................................................................. 80
1.2.2 Products and applications........................................................................................................ 81
1.2.3 MWCNTs.................................................................................................................................. 82
1.2.3.1 Applications..................................................................................................................... 83
1.2.3.2 Producers........................................................................................................................ 83
1.2.3.3 Production....................................................................................................................... 84
1.2.3.4 Market demand, tons...................................................................................................... 85
1.2.4 SWCNTs................................................................................................................................... 86
1.2.4.1 Applications..................................................................................................................... 87
1.2.4.2 Production....................................................................................................................... 87
1.2.4.3 Market demand, tons...................................................................................................... 89
1.2.5 Carbon nanotubes market challenges..................................................................................... 90
1.3 NANODIAMONDS............................................................................................................................. 91
2 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE..................................................................93
2.1 History................................................................................................................................................ 94
2.2 Types of graphene............................................................................................................................. 96
2.3 Properties........................................................................................................................................... 97
2.4 Graphene Quantum Dots.................................................................................................................. 98
2.4.1 Synthesis................................................................................................................................ 100
2.4.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 101
2.4.2.1 Optoelectronics, electronics and photonics.................................................................. 101
2.4.2.2 Energy........................................................................................................................... 101
2.4.2.3 Biomedicine and healthcare......................................................................................... 101
2.4.2.4 Other............................................................................................................................. 101
2.4.3 Pricing..................................................................................................................................... 102
2.4.4 Producers............................................................................................................................... 102
3 OVERVIEW OF CARBON NANOTUBES..........................................................103
3.1 Properties......................................................................................................................................... 104
3.2 Multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNT).................................................................................................. 105
3.2.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 105
3.2.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 105
3.3 Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT)........................................................................................ 105
3.3.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 106
3.3.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 106
3.3.3 Comparison between MWCNTs and SWCNTs..................................................................... 109
3.3.4 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs).......................................................................... 109
3.3.4.1 Properties...................................................................................................................... 109
3.3.4.2 Applications................................................................................................................... 110
3.3.5 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)............................................................................... 110
3.3.5.1 Properties...................................................................................................................... 110
3.3.5.2 Applications................................................................................................................... 110
3.4 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs)............................................................................................................. 110
3.4.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 110
3.4.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 111
3.5 Carbon Onions................................................................................................................................. 111
3.5.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 111
3.5.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 112
3.6 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)................................................................................................... 112
3.6.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 112
3.6.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 113
4 OVERVIEW OF FULLERENES.................................................................. 115
4.1 Properties......................................................................................................................................... 115
4.2 Applications...................................................................................................................................... 116
5 OVERVIEW OF NANODIAMONDS........................................ 116
5.1 Production methods......................................................................................................................... 117
5.1.1 Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs)....................................................................................... 118
5.2 Applications...................................................................................................................................... 119
6 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION................................................................... 123
7 CARBON NANOTUBE PRODUCTION............................................................................................... 129
8 GRAPHENE PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS...................................................... 135
9 CARBON NANOTUBES PATENTS................................................................. 136
10 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION.................................................139
10.1 Commercial production capacities.............................................................................................. 141
10.2 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide production capacities...................................... 141
10.2.1 By producer............................................................................................................................ 141
10.2.2 By region................................................................................................................................. 142
10.3 Graphene nanoplatelets production capacities.......................................................................... 144
10.3.1 By producer............................................................................................................................ 144
10.3.2 Production capacity by region................................................................................................ 145
10.4 CVD graphene film...................................................................................................................... 146
10.4.1 By producer............................................................................................................................ 146
10.5 Graphene production issues and challenges............................................................................. 147
10.5.1 Oversupply.............................................................................................................................. 147
10.5.2 Quality..................................................................................................................................... 147
10.5.3 Large-volume markets............................................................................................................ 148
10.5.4 Commoditisation..................................................................................................................... 148
10.5.5 Industrial end-user perspective.............................................................................................. 148
11 CARBON NANOMATERIALS PRICING....................................................... 150
11.1 Graphene pricing......................................................................................................................... 150
11.1.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene.................................................................... 152
11.1.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing................................................................................................... 153
11.1.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing............................................................................................. 154
11.1.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing...................................... 155
11.1.5 Graphene quantum dots pricing............................................................................................. 157
11.1.6 Multilayer graphene (MLG) pricing......................................................................................... 158
11.1.7 Graphene ink.......................................................................................................................... 158
11.2 Carbon nanotubes pricing........................................................................................................... 159
11.3 Nanodiamonds pricing................................................................................................................ 160
11.4 Fullerenes pricing........................................................................................................................ 163
12 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN 3D PRINTING.............................. 164
12.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 164
12.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 164
12.3 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 165
12.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 167
12.5 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 168
13 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN ADHESIVES.............................................. 171
13.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 171
13.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 171
13.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 172
13.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 173
13.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 175
13.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 176
14 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN AEROSPACE................................................. 178
14.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 178
14.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 179
14.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 180
14.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 180
14.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 183
14.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 184
15 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN AUTOMOTIVE................................ 187
15.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 187
15.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 187
15.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 189
15.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 190
15.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 192
15.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 193
16 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN BATTERIES.......................................... 198
16.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 198
16.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 199
16.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 200
16.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 200
16.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 204
16.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 206
17 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN COMPOSITES..................................... 211
17.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 211
17.2 Fiber-based polymer composite parts........................................................................................ 212
17.2.1 Market prospects.................................................................................................................... 212
17.2.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 213
17.2.3 Market assessment................................................................................................................ 215
17.3 Metal-matrix composites............................................................................................................. 219
17.3.1 Market assessment................................................................................................................ 219
17.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 221
17.5 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 222
18 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN CONDUCTIVE INKS.................. 229
18.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 229
18.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 230
18.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 231
18.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 232
18.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 236
18.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 237
19 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION........................... 240
19.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 240
19.2 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 241
19.3 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 241
19.3.1 Cement................................................................................................................................... 242
19.3.2 Asphalt bitumen...................................................................................................................... 244
19.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 245
19.5 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 246
20 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN ELECTRONICS............................. 248
20.1 WEARABLE ELECTRONICS AND DISPLAYS......................................................................... 249
20.1.1 Market overview..................................................................................................................... 249
20.1.2 Market prospects.................................................................................................................... 249
20.1.3 Applications............................................................................................................................ 250
20.1.4 Market assessment................................................................................................................ 251
20.1.5 Global market, historical and forecast to 2030...................................................................... 255
20.1.6 Product developers................................................................................................................. 256
20.2 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS................. 259
20.2.1 Market overview..................................................................................................................... 259
20.2.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 260
20.2.3 Market prospects.................................................................................................................... 261
20.2.4 Market assessment................................................................................................................ 262
20.2.5 Global market, historical and forecast to 2030...................................................................... 265
20.2.6 Product developers................................................................................................................. 266
20.3 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN MEMORY DEVICES............................................................. 269
20.3.1 Market overview..................................................................................................................... 269
20.3.2 Market prospects.................................................................................................................... 269
20.3.3 Market assessment................................................................................................................ 270
20.3.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030........................................................... 272
20.3.5 Product developers................................................................................................................. 273
21 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN FILTRATION................................. 275
21.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 275
21.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 277
21.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 278
21.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 278
21.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 283
21.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 284
22 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN FUEL CELLS.......................... 288
22.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 288
22.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 289
22.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 290
22.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 290
22.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 294
22.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 295
23 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICINE........................ 295
23.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 295
23.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 297
23.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 299
23.3.1 Drug delivery........................................................................................................................... 299
23.3.2 Imaging and diagnostics......................................................................................................... 300
23.3.3 Implants.................................................................................................................................. 300
23.3.4 Medical biosensors................................................................................................................. 301
23.3.5 Woundcare............................................................................................................................. 302
23.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 302
23.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 309
23.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 310
24 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN LIGHTING.................................... 315
24.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 315
24.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 315
24.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 316
24.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 317
24.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 319
24.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 320
25 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN LUBRICANTS.......................... 322
25.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 322
25.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 323
25.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 324
25.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 324
25.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 327
25.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 328
26 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN OIL AND GAS............................ 330
26.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 330
26.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 331
26.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 332
26.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 332
26.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 334
26.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 336
27 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN PAINTS AND COATINGS................ 337
27.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 337
27.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 341
27.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 341
27.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 342
27.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 348
27.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 349
28 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN PHOTONICS...................... 356
28.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 356
28.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 356
28.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 356
28.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 357
28.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 361
28.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 362
29 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS........................... 364
29.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 364
29.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 364
29.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 365
29.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 366
29.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 368
29.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 369
30 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN RUBBER AND TIRES......................... 371
30.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 371
30.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 372
30.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 373
30.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 374
30.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 377
30.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 378
31 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN SENSORS........................ 381
31.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 381
31.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 382
31.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 383
31.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 384
31.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 388
31.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 389
32 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN SMART TEXTILES AND APPAREL............... 393
32.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 393
32.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 395
32.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 396
32.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 396
32.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 401
32.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 402
33 CARBON NANOMATERIALS IN SUPERCAPACITORS....................... 407
33.1 Market overview.......................................................................................................................... 407
33.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 408
33.3 Market prospects......................................................................................................................... 408
33.4 Market assessment..................................................................................................................... 409
33.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2030............................................................... 413
33.6 Product developers..................................................................................................................... 414
34 OTHER MARKETS............................... 416
34.1 ELECTRONIC POLISHING MATERIALS.................................................................................. 416
34.1.1 Market prospects.................................................................................................................... 416
34.1.2 Market overview..................................................................................................................... 417
34.1.3 Market assessment................................................................................................................ 417
34.2 COSMETICS............................................................................................................................... 419
34.2.1 Market prospects.................................................................................................................... 419
34.2.2 Market overview..................................................................................................................... 420
34.2.3 Market assessment................................................................................................................ 420
34.3 CABLING..................................................................................................................................... 423
34.3.1 Market assessment................................................................................................................ 423
34.4 THERMAL INTERFACE MATERIALS........................................................................................ 424
34.4.1 Market assessment................................................................................................................ 424
34.5 ANTI-STATIC PLASTIC PARTS................................................................................................ 425
34.5.1 Market assessment................................................................................................................ 425
35 GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES................................................ 425 (236 COMPANY PROFILES)
36 MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES COMPANY PROFILES................. 570
(93 COMPANY PROFILES)
37 SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES COMPANY PROFILES................ 631 (12 COMPANY PROFILES)
38 NANODIAMONDS COMPANY PROFILES............................... 642 (26 COMPANY PROFILES)
39 FULLERENES COMPANY PROFILES............................... 665
(40 COMPANY PROFILES)
40 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS.................................................................................................................... 674
40.1 BOROPHENE............................................................................................................................. 676
40.1.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 676
40.1.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 677
40.2 PHOSPHORENE........................................................................................................................ 678
40.2.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 678
40.2.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 680
40.3 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4)................................................................................ 683
40.3.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 683
40.3.4 Applications............................................................................................................................ 684
40.4 GERMANENE............................................................................................................................. 685
40.4.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 685
40.4.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 686
40.5 GRAPHDIYNE............................................................................................................................ 687
40.5.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 687
40.5.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 688
40.6 GRAPHANE................................................................................................................................ 689
40.6.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 689
40.6.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 690
40.7 HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE............................................................................................... 690
40.7.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 691
40.7.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 691
40.8 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2).......................................................................................... 693
40.8.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 693
40.8.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 694
40.9 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2).................................................... 696
40.9.1 Properties............................................................................................................................... 696
40.9.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 697
40.10 SILICENE.................................................................................................................................... 697
40.10.1 Properties........................................................................................................................... 697
40.10.2 Applications........................................................................................................................ 698
40.11 STANENE/TINENE..................................................................................................................... 700
40.11.1 Properties........................................................................................................................... 700
40.11.2 Applications........................................................................................................................ 701
40.12 TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE.......................................................................................................... 702
40.12.1 Properties........................................................................................................................... 702
40.12.2 Applications........................................................................................................................ 702
40.13 ANTIMONENE............................................................................................................................ 703
40.13.1 Properties........................................................................................................................... 703
40.13.2 Applications........................................................................................................................ 703
40.14 DIAMENE.................................................................................................................................... 703
40.14.1 Properties........................................................................................................................... 703
40.14.2 Applications........................................................................................................................ 703
40.15 INDIUM SELENIDE.................................................................................................................... 703
40.15.1 Properties........................................................................................................................... 703
40.15.2 Applications........................................................................................................................ 704
40.16 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHENE AND OTHER 2D MATERIALS......................... 705
41 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................... 707
42 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................... 713
Tables
Table 1. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell into 2020............................................................................................................................................. 48
Table 2. Demand for graphene (tons), 2018-2030.......................................................................................... 51
Table 3. Main graphene producers in North America..................................................................................... 61
Table 4. Main graphene producers in Europe................................................................................................. 64
Table 5: Consumer products incorporating graphene..................................................................................... 66
Table 6: Graphene investments and financial agreements............................................................................ 67
Table 7. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets.................................. 70
Table 8. Graphene market challenges............................................................................................................ 76
Table 9. Market summary for carbon nanotubes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications............................. 78
Table 10. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT................................................................................... 80
Table 11: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials............................................................................... 80
Table 12. Key MWCNT producers.................................................................................................................. 83
Table 13. Annual production capacity of the key MWCNT producers in 2018............................................... 84
Table 14. MWCNT market demand forecast (tons), 2018-2030..................................................................... 86
Table 15. Comparative properties of MWCNT and SWCNT......................................................................... 87
Table 16. Annual production capacity of the key SWCNT producers in 2018............................................... 88
Table 17. SWCNT market demand forecast (tons), 2018-2030. *.................................................................. 89
Table 18: Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.......................... 97
Table 19. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs................................................................ 99
Table 20. Graphene quantum dot producers................................................................................................ 102
Table 21: Properties of carbon nanotubes.................................................................................................... 104
Table 22: Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.................................... 107
Table 23: Comparison between single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes...... 109
Table 24. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs............................................................................... 113
Table 25: Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes........................................................................... 116
Table 26. Summary of types of NDS and production methods-advantages and disadvantages................. 117
Table 27: Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds........................................................... 119
Table 28. Assessment of graphene production methods............................................................................. 126
Table 29: SWCNT synthesis methods.......................................................................................................... 130
Table 30: Accumulated number of patent publications for graphene, 2004-2018........................................ 135
Table 31. Location of SWCNT patent filings 2008-2018............................................................................... 138
Table 32. Main SWCNT patent assignees.................................................................................................... 139
Table 33. Demand for graphene (tons), 2018-2030...................................................................................... 140
Table 34: Graphene oxide production capacity by producer, 2010-2019..................................................... 141
Table 35: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2019............................................. 142
Table 36: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by producer, 2010-2018.............................................. 144
Table 37: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2019.................................................. 145
Table 38: CVD graphene film capacity by producer, 2010-2018/ 000s m2................................................... 146
Table 39: Types of graphene and typical prices........................................................................................... 150
Table 40: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer................................................................................ 152
Table 41: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer...................................................................................... 154
Table 42: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer................................................................................ 154
Table 43: Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer............................................ 156
Table 44: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer................................................................................ 157
Table 45: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer...................................................................................... 158
Table 46: Graphene ink pricing by producer................................................................................................. 158
Table 47. Carbon nanotubes pricing (MWCNTS, SWCNT etc.) by producer............................................... 159
Table 48. Nanodiamonds pricing by producer/distributor............................................................................. 161
Table 49. Fullerenes pricing by producer...................................................................................................... 163
Table 50. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in 3D printing............................................................ 164
Table 51. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in 3D printing.................................................................... 164
Table 52. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in 3D printing................................................ 165
Table 53: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2030.......................................... 167
Table 54: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials in 3D printing......................................................... 168
Table 55. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in adhesives.............................................................. 171
Table 56. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in adhesives...................................................................... 171
Table 57. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in adhesives........................................................................ 172
Table 58. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in adhesives.................................................. 173
Table 59: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in adhesives (tons), 2018-2030............................................. 175
Table 60: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for adhesives......................................................... 176
Table 61. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in aerospace............................................................. 178
Table 62. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in aerospace..................................................................... 179
Table 63. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in aerospace....................................................................... 180
Table 64. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in aerospace................................................. 180
Table 65: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030............................................ 183
Table 66: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for aerospace........................................................ 184
Table 67. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in automotive............................................................ 187
Table 68. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in automotive.................................................................... 188
Table 69. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in automotive...................................................................... 189
Table 70. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in automotive................................................ 190
Table 71: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in automotive (tons), 2018-2030........................................... 192
Table 72: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials in the automotive market...................................... 193
Table 73. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in batteries................................................................ 198
Table 74. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in batteries........................................................................ 199
Table 75. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in batteries.......................................................................... 200
Table 76. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in batteries.................................................... 200
Table 77: Estimated demand for carbon nanomaterials in batteries (tons), 2018-2030.............................. 205
Table 78: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for batteries........................................................... 206
Table 79. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in composites............................................................ 212
Table 80. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in fiber-based polymer composite parts............................. 212
Table 81. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in fiber-based polymer composite parts........................... 213
Table 82. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in fiber-based composite parts..................... 215
Table 83. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in metal matrix composites........................... 220
Table 84. Global market for carbon nanomaterials in composites 2018-2030, tons.................................... 221
Table 85: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials composites............................................................ 222
Table 86. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in conductive inks..................................................... 230
Table 87. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in conductive ink............................................................... 230
Table 88. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in conductive inks............................................................... 231
Table 89. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in conductive inks......................................... 232
Table 90. Comparative properties of conductive inks................................................................................... 235
Table 91: Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2027.......................................................... 236
Table 92: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for conductive inks................................................ 237
Table 93. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in construction.......................................................... 240
Table 94. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in construction.................................................................... 241
Table 95. Carbon nanomaterials for cement................................................................................................. 242
Table 96. Carbon nanomaterials for asphalt bitumen................................................................................... 244
Table 97: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in construction (tons), 2018-2030......................................... 245
Table 98: Carbon nanomaterials product developers in construction.......................................................... 246
Table 99. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in wearable electronics and displays....................... 249
Table 100. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in wearable electronics and displays............................... 249
Table 101. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in wearable electronics and displays............................. 250
Table 102. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in wearable electronics and displays......... 251
Table 103: Comparison of ITO replacements............................................................................................... 254
Table 104: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in wearable electronics and displays, 2018-2030............... 255
Table 105: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for electronics...................................................... 256
Table 106. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in transistors and integrated circuits...................... 259
Table 107. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in transistors and integrated circuits.............................. 260
Table 108. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in transistors and integrated circuits................................ 261
Table 109. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in transistors and integrated circuits.......... 262
Table 110: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2030................ 265
Table 111: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials transistors and integrated circuits....................... 266
Table 112. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in memory devices................................................. 269
Table 113. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in memory devices........................................................... 269
Table 114. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in memory devices..................................... 270
Table 115: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in memory devices, 2018-2030........................................... 272
Table 116: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for memory devices............................................. 273
Table 117: Comparison of CNT membranes with other membrane technologies....................................... 275
Table 118. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in filtration............................................................... 276
Table 119. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in filtration....................................................................... 277
Table 120. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in filtration......................................................................... 278
Table 121. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in filtration................................................... 278
Table 122: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in filtration (tons), 2018-2030.............................................. 283
Table 123: Carbon nanomaterials companies in filtration............................................................................. 284
Table 124. Electrical conductivity of different catalyst supports compared to carbon nanotubes................ 288
Table 125. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in fuel cells.............................................................. 289
Table 126. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in fuel cells...................................................................... 289
Table 127. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in fuel cells........................................................................ 290
Table 128. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in fuel cells.................................................. 290
Table 129: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2030............................................. 294
Table 130: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for fuel cells......................................................... 295
Table 131. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in life sciences and medicine................................. 296
Table 132. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in life sciences and biomedicine..................................... 297
Table 133. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in drug delivery................................................................. 299
Table 134. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in imaging and diagnostics............................................... 300
Table 135. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in medical implants........................................................... 300
Table 136. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in medical biosensors....................................................... 301
Table 137. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in woundcare.................................................................... 302
Table 138. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in life sciences and medicine..................... 302
Table 139: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2030.................. 309
Table 140: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for life sciences and biomedicine........................ 310
Table 141. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in lighting................................................................ 315
Table 142. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lighting......................................................................... 316
Table 143. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in lighting.......................................................................... 316
Table 144. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in lighting.................................................... 317
Table 145: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in lighting, 2018-2030.......................................................... 319
Table 146: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for lighting............................................................ 320
Table 147. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in lubricants............................................................ 322
Table 148. Nanomaterial lubricant products................................................................................................. 322
Table 149. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants.................................................................... 323
Table 150. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in lubricants...................................................................... 324
Table 151. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in lubricants................................................ 324
Table 152: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in lubricants (tons), 2018-2030........................................... 327
Table 153: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for lubricants....................................................... 328
Table 154. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in oil and gas.......................................................... 331
Table 155. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in oil and gas.................................................................. 331
Table 156. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in oil and gas.................................................................... 332
Table 157. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in oil and gas.............................................. 332
Table 158: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2030......................................... 335
Table 159: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for oil and gas..................................................... 336
Table 160. Markets for nanocoatings............................................................................................................ 338
Table 161. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in paints and coatings............................................. 340
Table 162. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in paints and coatings..................................................... 341
Table 163. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in paints and coatings...................................................... 341
Table 164. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in paints and coatings................................. 342
Table 165: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2030........................... 348
Table 166: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for paints and coatings........................................ 349
Table 167. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in photonics............................................................ 356
Table 168. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in photonics.................................................................... 356
Table 169. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in photonics...................................................................... 356
Table 170. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in photonics................................................ 357
Table 171: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in photonics, 2018-2030...................................................... 361
Table 172: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials in photonics......................................................... 362
Table 173. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in photovoltaics....................................................... 364
Table 174. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in photovoltaics............................................................... 364
Table 175. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in photovoltaics................................................................. 365
Table 176. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in photovoltaics........................................... 366
Table 177: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2030...................................... 368
Table 178: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for solar............................................................... 369
Table 179. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in rubber and tires.................................................. 371
Table 180. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in rubber and tires........................................................... 372
Table 181. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in rubber and tires............................................................ 373
Table 182. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in rubber and tires...................................... 374
Table 183: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2030................................. 377
Table 184: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials in rubber and tires............................................... 378
Table 185. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in sensors............................................................... 382
Table 186. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in sensors....................................................................... 382
Table 187. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in sensors......................................................................... 384
Table 188. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in sensors................................................... 384
Table 189: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in sensors (tons), 2018-2030.............................................. 388
Table 190: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for sensors.......................................................... 389
Table 191: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials.. 394
Table 192. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in smart textiles and apparel.................................. 394
Table 193. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in smart textiles and apparel.......................................... 395
Table 194. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in smart textiles and apparel............................................ 396
Table 195. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in smart textiles and apparel...................... 397
Table 196: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in textiles (tons), 2018-2030................................................ 401
Table 197: Carbon nanomaterials product developers in smart textiles and apparel.................................. 402
Table 198. Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in supercapacitors.................................................. 407
Table 199. Applications of carbon nanomaterials in supercapacitors.......................................................... 408
Table 200. Scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in supercapacitors............................................................ 408
Table 201: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries........................ 409
Table 202. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in supercapacitors...................................... 409
Table 203: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2030................................. 413
Table 204: Product developers in carbon nanomaterials for supercapacitors............................................. 414
Table 205. Carbon nanomaterials scorecard for nanodiamonds in electronic polishing materials.............. 416
Table 206: Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in polishing materials.............................................. 417
Table 207. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in polishing materials.................................. 417
Table 208. Nanomaterials scorecard for carbon nanomaterials in cosmetics.............................................. 419
Table 209: Market overview for carbon nanomaterials in cosmetics............................................................ 420
Table 210. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in cosmetics................................................ 420
Table 211. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in cabling.................................................... 424
Table 212. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in cabling.................................................... 424
Table 213. Market and applications for carbon nanomaterials in anti-static plastic parts............................ 425
Table 214. Sensor surface............................................................................................................................ 506
Table 215. Ex-graphene producers and product developers........................................................................ 567
Table 216: CNT producers and companies they supply/licence to.............................................................. 570
Table 217. Properties of carbon nanotube paper......................................................................................... 624
Table 218. Ex-producers of SWCNTs........................................................................................................... 641
Table 219. SWCNTs distributors................................................................................................................... 642
Table 220. Ex-producers of nanodiamonds.................................................................................................. 664
Table 221: 2D materials types....................................................................................................................... 674
Table 222: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2.......... 679
Table 223: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.............................................. 705
Table 224: Categorization of nanomaterials................................................................................................. 712
Figures
Figure 1. Demand for graphene, by market, 2019.......................................................................................... 45
Figure 2. Demand for graphene, by market, 2030.......................................................................................... 48
Figure 3. Demand for graphene, 2018-2030, tons.......................................................................................... 52
Figure 4. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2030 (tons). Low estimate.......................................... 54
Figure 5. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2030 (tons). Medium estimate.................................... 56
Figure 6. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2030 (tons). High estimate......................................... 58
Figure 7: Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2019............................................................................ 59
Figure 8: Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2019.................................................................. 59
Figure 9. Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific........................................................................................ 60
Figure 10: Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2019............................................................ 63
Figure 11: Demand for graphene in Europe, by market, 2018....................................................................... 65
Figure 12. Demand for MWCNT by application in 2019................................................................................. 85
Figure 13. SWCNT production capacity by producer in 2018 (tons).............................................................. 88
Figure 14. Calculated SWCNT sales volume by producer in 2018 (kg)......................................................... 89
Figure 15. The structure of eight different allotropes of the carbon element.................................................. 94
Figure 16: Graphene layer structure schematic.............................................................................................. 95
Figure 17: Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG................ 95
Figure 18: Graphite and graphene.................................................................................................................. 96
Figure 19: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. ......................................... 97
Figure 20: Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots................................................................................... 99
Figure 21. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4)................................................. 100
Figure 22. Graphene quantum dots.............................................................................................................. 102
Figure 23: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube.............................................................................. 106
Figure 24: TIM sheet developed by Zeon Corporation................................................................................. 107
Figure 25: Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model.......................... 109
Figure 26. TEM image of FWNTs.................................................................................................................. 110
Figure 27: Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns.......................................................................... 111
Figure 28: TEM image of carbon onion......................................................................................................... 112
Figure 29: Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red........................................................................................................................................................... 113
Figure 30: Fullerene schematic..................................................................................................................... 115
Figure 31. Fabrication methods of graphene................................................................................................ 123
Figure 32. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.......................................... 124
Figure 33: (a) Graphene powder production line in The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd............................................................ 125
Figure 34. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods............................................... 126
Figure 35: Schematic representation of methods used for carbon nanotube synthesis (a) Arc discharge (b) Chemical vapor deposition (c) Laser ablation (d) hydrocarbon flames.................................................. 130
Figure 36: Arc discharge process for CNTs.................................................................................................. 131
Figure 37: Schematic of thermal-CVD method............................................................................................. 131
Figure 38: Schematic of plasma-CVD method.............................................................................................. 132
Figure 39: CoMoCAT® process.................................................................................................................... 133
Figure 40: Schematic for flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes (a) premixed flame (b) counter-flow diffusion flame (c) co-flow diffusion flame (d) inverse diffusion flame.................................................................. 133
Figure 41: Schematic of laser ablation synthesis.......................................................................................... 134
Figure 42: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2018............................................................. 136
Figure 43: MWCNT patents filed 2007-2019................................................................................................. 137
Figure 44. SWCNT patent applications 2001-2018...................................................................................... 138
Figure 45. Demand for graphene, 2018-2030, tons...................................................................................... 140
Figure 46: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2019............................................ 143
Figure 47: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2019................................................. 146
Figure 48: CVD Graphene on Cu Foil........................................................................................................... 152
Figure 49: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2030......................................... 168
Figure 50. CNCTArch lightweight mounting for digital signalling.................................................................. 169
Figure 51: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in adhesives (tons), 2018-2030........................................... 176
Figure 52: Graphene Adhesives.................................................................................................................... 177
Figure 53. Carbon nanotube Composite Overwrap Pressure Vessel (COPV) developed by NASA........... 178
Figure 54: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030........................................... 183
Figure 55. HeatCoat technology schematic.................................................................................................. 184
Figure 56. Orbex Prime rocket...................................................................................................................... 185
Figure 57: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargo container.............................................................................. 185
Figure 58: Graphene aircraft......................................................................................................................... 186
Figure 59: Veelo carbon fiber nanotube sheet.............................................................................................. 186
Figure 60: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in automotive (tons), 2018-2030.......................................... 193
Figure 61: Supercar incorporating graphene................................................................................................ 194
Figure 62: Schematic of CNTs as heat-dissipation sheets........................................................................... 194
Figure 63. Graphene anti-corrosion primer................................................................................................... 195
Figure 64. Graphene-R Brake pads.............................................................................................................. 195
Figure 65: Antistatic graphene tire................................................................................................................ 196
Figure 66. Graphene engine oil additives..................................................................................................... 197
Figure 67: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in batteries (tons), 2018-2030.............................................. 205
Figure 68: Nano Lithium X Battery................................................................................................................ 206
Figure 69. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank................................ 207
Figure 70. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries........................................................................................ 208
Figure 71. Real Graphene Powerbank.......................................................................................................... 209
Figure 72. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH.............................................................................. 210
Figure 73. Demand for carbon nanomaterials in composites (tons), 2018-2030......................................... 222
Figure 74. Graphene bike.............................................................................................................................. 223
Figure 75. Graphene lacrosse equipment..................................................................................................... 224
Figure 76. CNT anti-icing coating for wind turbines...................................................................................... 224
Figure 77. Graphene-based suitcase made from recycled plastic............................................................... 225
Figure 78. Aros Create.................................................................................................................................. 226
Figure 79. CSCNT Reinforced Prepreg........................................................................................................ 226
Figure 80. Grays graphene hockey sticks..................................................................................................... 229
Figure 81: Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2030........................................................ 237
Figure 82: BGT Materials graphene ink product........................................................................................... 238
Figure 83: Nanotube inks.............................................................................................................................. 239
Figure 84: Printed graphene conductive ink.................................................................................................. 239
Figure 85: Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink............................................................................... 240
Figure 86. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete.................................................................................................................................................................. 242
Figure 87: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in construction (tons), 2018-2030........................................ 246
Figure 88. Graphene asphalt additives......................................................................................................... 247
Figure 89. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus............................................................................ 247
Figure 90: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in wearable electronics and displays, 2018-2030............... 256
Figure 91: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application............................................................. 257
Figure 92. Strategic Elements’ transparent glass demonstrator................................................................... 258
Figure 93: Carbon nanotube-based colour active matrix electrophoretic display (EPD) e-paper................ 258
Figure 94: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2030................ 266
Figure 95. Graphene IC in wafer tester......................................................................................................... 267
Figure 96: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)........................................................................................................................... 267
Figure 97: Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs....................................................................................... 268
Figure 98: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in memory devices, 2018-2030............................................ 273
Figure 99: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip.................................................................................................... 274
Figure 100. Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random-access memory (RRAM)......................................................................................................................... 274
Figure 101: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in filtration (tons), 2018-2030............................................. 284
Figure 102. Graphene anti-smog mask......................................................................................................... 285
Figure 103. Graphene filtration membrane................................................................................................... 286
Figure 104. Water filer cartridge.................................................................................................................... 286
Figure 105: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2030............................................ 294
Figure 106. Graphene-based E-skin patch................................................................................................... 296
Figure 107: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2030................. 310
Figure 108: CARESTREAM DRX-Revolution Nano Mobile X-ray System................................................... 311
Figure 109. Graphene medical biosensors for wound healing..................................................................... 312
Figure 110: Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel. 312
Figure 111: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor.......................................................................................... 313
Figure 112: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in lighting, 2018-2030......................................................... 320
Figure 113. Graphene LED bulbs.................................................................................................................. 321
Figure 114: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in lubricants (tons), 2018-2030.......................................... 328
Figure 115. Tricolit spray coating.................................................................................................................. 328
Figure 116. Graphenoil products................................................................................................................... 329
Figure 117: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2030........................................ 335
Figure 118: Directa Plus Grafysorber............................................................................................................ 336
Figure 119: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2030.......................... 349
Figure 120. Cryorig CPU cooling system with graphene coating................................................................. 350
Figure 121: Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate........................................................ 351
Figure 122. CSCNT Reinforced Prepreg...................................................................................................... 352
Figure 123. 23303 ZINCTON GNC graphene paint...................................................................................... 352
Figure 124. Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand................................... 353
Figure 125. Scania Truck head lamp brackets ACT chamber 6 weeks, equivalent to 3y field use. Piece treated with GO to the left together with different non-GO coatings...................................................... 353
Figure 126. Schematic of graphene heat film............................................................................................... 354
Figure 127: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in photonics, 2018-2030.................................................... 362
Figure 128. All-graphene optical communication link demonstrator operating at a data rate of 25 Gb/s per channel.................................................................................................................................................... 363
Figure 129: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2030.................................... 369
Figure 130: Suntech/TCNT nanotube frame module.................................................................................... 370
Figure 131. Graphene coated glass.............................................................................................................. 371
Figure 132: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2030................................ 378
Figure 133. Eagle F1 graphene tire............................................................................................................... 379
Figure 134. Graphene floor mats.................................................................................................................. 380
Figure 135. Vittoria Corsa G+ tire.................................................................................................................. 380
Figure 136. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring........................................................................ 382
Figure 137: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in sensors (tons), 2018-2030............................................. 388
Figure 138. AGILE R100 system................................................................................................................... 390
Figure 139. Graphene fully packaged linear array detector.......................................................................... 390
Figure 140: GFET sensors............................................................................................................................ 391
Figure 141. Graphene is used to increase sensitivity to middle-infrared light.............................................. 392
Figure 142: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in textiles (tons), 2018-2030.............................................. 402
Figure 143. Colmar graphene ski jacket....................................................................................................... 403
Figure 144. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.................... 403
Figure 145. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey......................................................................................................... 404
Figure 146: Inov-8 graphene shoes.............................................................................................................. 405
Figure 147. Graphene Functional Membranes - UniTran GM...................................................................... 405
Figure 148. Graphene jacket......................................................................................................................... 406
Figure 149: Demand for carbon nanomaterials in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2030................................ 414
Figure 150. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor...................................................................................... 415
Figure 151: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger........................................................................................ 416
Figure 152. Prototypes of nanodiamonds, fullerene and lignin sunscreen................................................... 423
Figure 153. Graphene heating films.............................................................................................................. 426
Figure 154. Graphene flake products............................................................................................................ 431
Figure 155. AIKA Black-T.............................................................................................................................. 434
Figure 156. Printed graphene biosensors..................................................................................................... 441
Figure 157. Graphene battery schematic...................................................................................................... 464
Figure 158. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445................................... 536
Figure 159. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint............................................................................................ 551
Figure 160. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO........................................................................................................ 552
Figure 161: Prototype of Graphene-integrated UF filter cartridge................................................................ 553
Figure 162. AWN Nanotech water harvesting prototype.............................................................................. 573
Figure 163. Carbonics, Inc.’s carbon nanotube technology.......................................................................... 581
Figure 164. Fuji carbon nanotube products.................................................................................................. 586
Figure 165. Cup Stacked Type Carbon Nano Tubes schematic.................................................................. 588
Figure 166. CSCNT composite dispersion.................................................................................................... 588
Figure 167. Flexible CNT CMOS integrated circuits with sub-10 nanoseconds stage delays..................... 592
Figure 168. Koatsu Gas Kogyo Co. Ltd CNT product................................................................................... 594
Figure 169. Hybrid battery powered electrica motorbike concept................................................................ 608
Figure 170. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production................................. 609
Figure 171. TEM images of carbon nanobrush............................................................................................. 610
Figure 172: Carbon nanotube paint product................................................................................................. 634
Figure 173. HiPCO® Reactor........................................................................................................................ 637
Figure 174: Schematic of 2-D materials........................................................................................................ 675
Figure 175: Borophene schematic................................................................................................................ 677
Figure 176: Black phosphorus structure....................................................................................................... 678
Figure 177: Black Phosphorus crystal........................................................................................................... 679
Figure 178: Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation.......................................................................................................................................... 681
Figure 179: Graphitic carbon nitride.............................................................................................................. 683
Figure 180: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.................................................................. 684
Figure 181: Schematic of germanene........................................................................................................... 685
Figure 182: Graphdiyne structure.................................................................................................................. 687
Figure 183: Schematic of Graphane crystal.................................................................................................. 689
Figure 184: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.......................................................................................... 691
Figure 185: BN nanosheet textiles application.............................................................................................. 692
Figure 186: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide....................................................................................... 693
Figure 187: SEM image of MoS2................................................................................................................... 694
Figure 188: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor......................... 695
Figure 189: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.................................................................................................................. 696
Figure 190: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide......................................................................... 696
Figure 191: Silicene structure........................................................................................................................ 697
Figure 192: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate.......................................................................... 698
Figure 193: Silicene transistor....................................................................................................................... 699
Figure 194: Crystal structure for stanene...................................................................................................... 700
Figure 195: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)..................................................... 700
Figure 196: Schematic of tungsten diselenide.............................................................................................. 702
Figure 197: Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe)........................................................................................ 704
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