Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofibers, Fullerenes, Nanodiamonds, Graphene Quantum Dots, 2D Materials.
- Published: January 2024
- Pages: 728
- Tables: 80
- Figures: 126
Carbon possesses different allotropic forms (graphite and diamond) and has the capability to generate a range of nanostructures including graphene single sheets, single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene quantum dots, fullerenes, and nanodiamonds. Due to their unique structural dimensions and excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical and chemical properties carbon-based nanomaterials are widely utilized in many sectors.
The Global Market for Carbon Nanomaterials 2024-2033 provides a comprehensive analysis of advanced carbon nanomaterials including graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, graphene quantum dots, and nanomaterials from carbon capture and utilization. The report examines global demand, production capacities, pricing, main producers, and applications across major end-user markets such as electronics, energy storage, membranes, coatings, polymers, biomedical devices, and sensors.
Regional demand across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of World is forecast from 2018 to 2034 for graphene and other key nanomaterials. The report profiles over 590 leading producers, highlighting their products, production methods, capacities, pricing, and target markets.
Multiple alternative 2D materials beyond graphene are analyzed including boron nitride, MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, graphitic carbon nitride, germanene, graphdiyne, graphane, rhenium diselenide, silicene, stanene, antimonene and indium selenide. Latest developments in carbon capture and utilization for producing carbon nanomaterials are assessed as well as progress with graphene/nanomaterial-enhanced batteries, biosensors, electronics, catalysts, polymer composites, and filters/membranes.
Report contents include:
- Global demand forecasts for graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, fullerenes, nanodiamonds to 2034
- Assessment of graphene types - production capacities, pricing, producers, applications
- Analysis of carbon nanotube types - capacities, pricing, producers, end markets
- Review of carbon nanofiber synthesis methods and market opportunities
- Fullerene product analysis, pricing, demand, producers, technology readiness
- Evaluation of nanodiamond types, production methods pricing, demand, main producers
- Emerging opportunities in graphene quantum dots - synthesis, pricing, applications
- Role of carbon capture in producing carbon nanomaterials
- Profiles of 590+ leading producers/suppliers of carbon nanomaterials. Companies profiled include BeDimensional, BestGraphene, Black Swan Graphene, DexMat, Graphenest, Graphene Leaders Canada, Graphene Manufacturing Group Limited, HydroGraph Clean Power, JEIO, Kumho Petrochemical, KB Element, LG Chem, Nano Diamond Battery, Novusterra, OCSiAl, Paragraf and Zeon Corporation.
- Analysis of properties, production and applications of 2D materials beyond graphene - hexagonal boron nitride, MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus etc.
- Regional demand forecasts across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Rest of World
- Impact of graphene and nanomaterials on batteries, electronics, membranes, coatings
- Assessment of technology readiness levels for different nanomaterials by application
1 THE ADVANCED CARBON NANOMATERIALS MARKET 36
- 1.1 Market overview 36
- 1.2 Role of advanced carbon nanomaterials in the green transition 37
2 GRAPHENE 38
- 2.1 Types of graphene 38
- 2.2 Properties 39
- 2.3 Graphene market challenges 40
- 2.4 Graphene producers 41
- 2.4.1 Production capacities 42
- 2.5 Price and price drivers 44
- 2.5.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene 47
- 2.5.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 48
- 2.5.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 49
- 2.5.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing 50
- 2.5.5 Multilayer graphene (MLG) pricing 52
- 2.5.6 Graphene ink 52
- 2.6 Global demand 2018-2034, tons 53
- 2.6.1 Global demand by graphene material (tons) 53
- 2.6.2 Global demand by end user market 56
- 2.6.3 Graphene market, by region 57
- 2.6.4 Global graphene revenues, by market, 2018-2034 59
- 2.7 Company profiles 60 (360 company profiles)
3 CARBON NANOTUBES 352
- 3.1 Properties 353
- 3.1.1 Comparative properties of CNTs 354
- 3.2 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 354
- 3.2.1 Applications and TRL 355
- 3.2.2 Producers 359
- 3.2.2.1 Production capacities 359
- 3.2.3 Price and price drivers 360
- 3.2.4 Global market demand 361
- 3.2.5 Company profiles 364 (140 company profiles)
- 3.3 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) 479
- 3.3.1 Properties 479
- 3.3.2 Applications 480
- 3.3.3 Prices 482
- 3.3.4 Production capacities 483
- 3.3.5 Global market demand 484
- 3.3.6 Company profiles 485 (16 company profiles)
- 3.4 Other types 506
- 3.4.1 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) 506
- 3.4.1.1 Properties 506
- 3.4.1.2 Applications 507
- 3.4.2 Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs) 508
- 3.4.2.1 Properties 508
- 3.4.2.2 Applications 508
- 3.4.3 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs) 509
- 3.4.3.1 Properties 509
- 3.4.3.2 Applications 510
- 3.4.4 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs) 511
- 3.4.4.1 Properties 511
- 3.4.4.2 Applications 511
- 3.4.5 Carbon Onions 512
- 3.4.5.1 Properties 512
- 3.4.5.2 Applications 513
- 3.4.6 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) 514
- 3.4.6.1 Properties 514
- 3.4.6.2 Applications 515
- 3.4.6.3 Production 516
- 3.4.7 Companies 516 (6 company profiles)
- 3.4.1 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) 506
4 CARBON NANOFIBERS 521
- 4.1 Properties 521
- 4.2 Synthesis 521
- 4.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition 521
- 4.2.2 Electrospinning 521
- 4.2.3 Template-based 522
- 4.2.4 From biomass 522
- 4.3 Markets 523
- 4.3.1 Batteries 523
- 4.3.2 Supercapacitors 523
- 4.3.3 Fuel cells 523
- 4.3.4 CO2 capture 524
- 4.4 Companies 525 (10 company profiles)
5 FULLERENES 532
- 5.1 Properties 532
- 5.2 Products 533
- 5.3 Markets and applications 534
- 5.4 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 535
- 5.5 Global market demand 535
- 5.6 Prices 536
- 5.7 Producers 538 (20 company profiles)
6 NANODIAMONDS 550
- 6.1 Types 550
- 6.1.1 Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) 554
- 6.2 Applications 554
- 6.3 Price and price drivers 558
- 6.4 Global demand 2018-2033, tonnes 559
- 6.5 Company profiles 561 (30 company profiles)
7 GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS 590
- 7.1 Comparison to quantum dots 591
- 7.2 Properties 592
- 7.3 Synthesis 592
- 7.3.1 Top-down method 592
- 7.3.2 Bottom-up method 593
- 7.4 Applications 595
- 7.5 Graphene quantum dots pricing 596
- 7.6 Graphene quantum dot producers 597 (9 company profiles)
8 CARBON NANOMATERIALS FROM CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION 606
- 8.1 CO2 capture from point sources 607
- 8.1.1 Transportation 608
- 8.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities 609
- 8.1.3 By source 610
- 8.1.4 By endpoint 611
- 8.2 Main carbon capture processes 612
- 8.2.1 Materials 612
- 8.2.2 Post-combustion 614
- 8.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion 616
- 8.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle 617
- 8.2.5 Pre-combustion 618
- 8.3 Carbon separation technologies 619
- 8.3.1 Absorption capture 621
- 8.3.2 Adsorption capture 625
- 8.3.3 Membranes 627
- 8.3.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture 629
- 8.3.5 Chemical Looping-Based Capture 630
- 8.3.6 Calix Advanced Calciner 631
- 8.3.7 Other technologies 632
- 8.3.7.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 633
- 8.3.8 Comparison of key separation technologies 634
- 8.3.9 Electrochemical conversion of CO2 634
- 8.3.9.1 Process overview 635
- 8.4 Direct air capture (DAC) 638
- 8.4.1 Description 638
- 8.5 Companies 640 (4 company profiles)
9 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS 644
- 9.1 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials 647
- 9.2 2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS 649
- 9.2.1 Top-down exfoliation 649
- 9.2.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation method 650
- 9.2.1.2 Liquid exfoliation method 650
- 9.2.2 Bottom-up synthesis 651
- 9.2.2.1 Chemical synthesis in solution 651
- 9.2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition 652
- 9.2.1 Top-down exfoliation 649
- 9.3 TYPES OF 2D MATERIALS 653
- 9.3.1 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 653
- 9.3.1.1 Properties 653
- 9.3.1.2 Applications and markets 655
- 9.3.1.2.1 Electronics 655
- 9.3.1.2.2 Fuel cells 655
- 9.3.1.2.3 Adsorbents 655
- 9.3.1.2.4 Photodetectors 655
- 9.3.1.2.5 Textiles 655
- 9.3.1.2.6 Biomedical 656
- 9.3.2 MXenes 657
- 9.3.2.1 Properties 657
- 9.3.2.2 Applications 658
- 9.3.2.2.1 Catalysts 658
- 9.3.2.2.2 Hydrogels 658
- 9.3.2.2.3 Energy storage devices 658
- 9.3.2.2.3.1 Supercapacitors 659
- 9.3.2.2.3.2 Batteries 659
- 9.3.2.2.3.3 Gas Separation 659
- 9.3.2.2.4 Liquid Separation 659
- 9.3.2.2.5 Antibacterials 659
- 9.3.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) 660
- 9.3.3.1 Properties 660
- 9.3.3.1.1 Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) 661
- 9.3.3.1.2 Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 662
- 9.3.3.2 Applications 662
- 9.3.3.2.1 Electronics 662
- 9.3.3.2.2 Optoelectronics 663
- 9.3.3.2.3 Biomedical 663
- 9.3.3.2.4 Piezoelectrics 663
- 9.3.3.2.5 Sensors 664
- 9.3.3.2.6 Filtration 664
- 9.3.3.2.7 Batteries and supercapacitors 664
- 9.3.3.2.8 Fiber lasers 665
- 9.3.3.1 Properties 660
- 9.3.4 Borophene 665
- 9.3.4.1 Properties 665
- 9.3.4.2 Applications 665
- 9.3.4.2.1 Energy storage 665
- 9.3.4.2.2 Hydrogen storage 666
- 9.3.4.2.3 Sensors 666
- 9.3.4.2.4 Electronics 666
- 9.3.5 Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus 667
- 9.3.5.1 Properties 667
- 9.3.5.2 Applications 668
- 9.3.5.2.1 Electronics 668
- 9.3.5.2.2 Field effect transistors 668
- 9.3.5.2.3 Thermoelectrics 669
- 9.3.5.2.4 Batteries 669
- 9.3.5.2.4.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) 669
- 9.3.5.2.4.2 Sodium-ion batteries 670
- 9.3.5.2.4.3 Lithium–sulfur batteries 670
- 9.3.5.2.5 Supercapacitors 670
- 9.3.5.2.6 Photodetectors 670
- 9.3.5.2.7 Sensors 670
- 9.3.6 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) 671
- 9.3.6.1 Properties 671
- 9.3.6.2 C2N 672
- 9.3.6.3 Applications 672
- 9.3.6.3.1 Electronics 672
- 9.3.6.3.2 Filtration membranes 672
- 9.3.6.3.3 Photocatalysts 672
- 9.3.6.3.4 Batteries 673
- 9.3.6.3.5 Sensors 673
- 9.3.7 Germanene 673
- 9.3.7.1 Properties 674
- 9.3.7.2 Applications 675
- 9.3.7.2.1 Electronics 675
- 9.3.7.2.2 Batteries 675
- 9.3.8 Graphdiyne 676
- 9.3.8.1 Properties 676
- 9.3.8.2 Applications 677
- 9.3.8.2.1 Electronics 677
- 9.3.8.2.2 Batteries 677
- 9.3.8.2.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) 677
- 9.3.8.2.2.2 Sodium ion batteries 677
- 9.3.8.2.3 Separation membranes 678
- 9.3.8.2.4 Water filtration 678
- 9.3.8.2.5 Photocatalysts 678
- 9.3.8.2.6 Photovoltaics 678
- 9.3.8.2.7 Gas separation 678
- 9.3.9 Graphane 679
- 9.3.9.1 Properties 679
- 9.3.9.2 Applications 679
- 9.3.9.2.1 Electronics 680
- 9.3.9.2.2 Hydrogen storage 680
- 9.3.10 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) 680
- 9.3.10.1 Properties 680
- 9.3.10.2 Applications 681
- 9.3.11 Silicene 681
- 9.3.11.1 Properties 681
- 9.3.11.2 Applications 682
- 9.3.11.2.1 Electronics 682
- 9.3.11.2.2 Thermoelectrics 683
- 9.3.11.2.3 Batteries 683
- 9.3.11.2.4 Sensors 683
- 9.3.11.2.5 Biomedical 683
- 9.3.12 Stanene/tinene 684
- 9.3.12.1 Properties 684
- 9.3.12.2 Applications 685
- 9.3.12.2.1 Electronics 685
- 9.3.13 Antimonene 686
- 9.3.13.1 Properties 686
- 9.3.13.2 Applications 686
- 9.3.14 Indium selenide 687
- 9.3.14.1 Properties 687
- 9.3.14.2 Applications 687
- 9.3.14.2.1 Electronics 687
- 9.3.15 Layered double hydroxides (LDH) 688
- 9.3.15.1 Properties 688
- 9.3.15.2 Applications 688
- 9.3.15.2.1 Adsorbents 688
- 9.3.15.2.2 Catalyst 688
- 9.3.15.2.3 Sensors 688
- 9.3.15.2.4 Electrodes 689
- 9.3.15.2.5 Flame Retardants 689
- 9.3.15.2.6 Biosensors 689
- 9.3.15.2.7 Tissue engineering 690
- 9.3.15.2.8 Anti-Microbials 690
- 9.3.15.2.9 Drug Delivery 690
- 9.3.1 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 653
- 9.4 2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES 691 (19 company profiles)
10 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 708
- 10.1 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 708
11 REFERENCES 711
List of Tables
- Table 1. Advanced carbon nanomaterials. 36
- Table 2. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 39
- Table 3. Graphene market challenges. 40
- Table 4. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell into 2023. 42
- Table 5. Types of graphene and typical prices. 45
- Table 6. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer. 47
- Table 7. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer. 48
- Table 8. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer. 49
- Table 9. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer. 50
- Table 10. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer. 52
- Table 11. Graphene ink pricing by producer. 52
- Table 12. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2034 (tons). 54
- Table 13. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2034 (tons). 57
- Table 14. Performance criteria of energy storage devices. 346
- Table 15. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT. 353
- Table 16. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 354
- Table 17. Applications of MWCNTs. 355
- Table 18. Annual production capacity of the key MWCNT producers in 2023 (MT). 359
- Table 19. Carbon nanotubes pricing (MWCNTS, SWCNT etc.) by producer. 360
- Table 20. Properties of carbon nanotube paper. 466
- Table 21. Comparative properties of MWCNT and SWCNT. 479
- Table 22. Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. 480
- Table 23. SWCNTs pricing. 482
- Table 24. Annual production capacity of SWCNT producers. 483
- Table 25. SWCNT market demand forecast (metric tons), 2018-2033. 484
- Table 26. Chasm SWCNT products. 486
- Table 27. Thomas Swan SWCNT production. 503
- Table 28. Applications of Double-walled carbon nanotubes. 507
- Table 29. Markets and applications for Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs). 508
- Table 30. Markets and applications for few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs). 510
- Table 31. Markets and applications for carbon nanohorns. 511
- Table 32. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs. 514
- Table 33. Applications of BNNTs. 515
- Table 34. Comparison of synthesis methods for carbon nanofibers. 522
- Table 35. Market overview for fullerenes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 532
- Table 36. Types of fullerenes and applications. 533
- Table 37. Products incorporating fullerenes. 533
- Table 38. Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes. 534
- Table 39. Global market demand for fullerenes, 2018-2033 (tons). 535
- Table 40. Example prices of fullerenes. 536
- Table 41. Properties of nanodiamonds. 552
- Table 42. Summary of types of NDS and production methods-advantages and disadvantages. 553
- Table 43. Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds. 554
- Table 44. Pricing of nanodiamonds, by producer/distributor. 558
- Table 45. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2033. 559
- Table 46. Production methods, by main ND producers. 561
- Table 47. Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc. nanodiamond product list. 563
- Table 48. Carbodeon Ltd. Oy nanodiamond product list. 567
- Table 49. Daicel nanodiamond product list. 570
- Table 50. FND Biotech Nanodiamond product list. 572
- Table 51. JSC Sinta nanodiamond product list. 576
- Table 52. Plasmachem product list and applications. 584
- Table 53. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list. 586
- Table 54. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis. 587
- Table 55. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 591
- Table 56. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 594
- Table 57. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 595
- Table 58. Prices for graphene quantum dots. 596
- Table 59. Point source examples. 607
- Table 60. Assessment of carbon capture materials 613
- Table 61. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 616
- Table 62. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture. 619
- Table 63. Main capture processes and their separation technologies. 619
- Table 64. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 621
- Table 65. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption. 623
- Table 66. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 625
- Table 67. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview. 627
- Table 68. Comparison of main separation technologies. 634
- Table 69. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages. 635
- Table 70. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 639
- Table 71. 2D materials types. 646
- Table 72. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 647
- Table 73. Comparison of top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials. 649
- Table 74. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials. 652
- Table 75. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 654
- Table 76. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 668
- Table 77. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene. 674
- Table 78. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs 677
- Table 79. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene. 685
- Table 80. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples. 709
List of Figures
- Figure 1. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 39
- Figure 2. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2034 (tons). 55
- Figure 3. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2034 (tons). 56
- Figure 4. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2034 (tons). 58
- Figure 5. Global graphene revenues, by market, 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 59
- Figure 6. Graphene heating films. 60
- Figure 7. Graphene flake products. 66
- Figure 8. AIKA Black-T. 71
- Figure 9. Printed graphene biosensors. 79
- Figure 10. Prototype of printed memory device. 84
- Figure 11. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 102
- Figure 12. Graphene battery schematic. 131
- Figure 13. Dotz Nano GQD products. 133
- Figure 14. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 141
- Figure 15. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 153
- Figure 16. Wearable sweat sensor. 192
- Figure 17. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 199
- Figure 18. BioStamp nPoint. 236
- Figure 19. Nanotech Energy battery. 257
- Figure 20. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 260
- Figure 21. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 261
- Figure 22. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 262
- Figure 23. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 263
- Figure 24. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445. 283
- Figure 25. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 286
- Figure 26. Thermal conductive graphene film. 302
- Figure 27. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 315
- Figure 28. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO. 319
- Figure 29. Demand for MWCNT by application in 2022. 362
- Figure 30. Market demand for carbon nanotubes by market, 2018-2033 (metric tons). 363
- Figure 31. AWN Nanotech water harvesting prototype. 368
- Figure 32. Large transparent heater for LiDAR. 382
- Figure 33. Carbonics, Inc.’s carbon nanotube technology. 384
- Figure 34. Fuji carbon nanotube products. 397
- Figure 35. Cup Stacked Type Carbon Nano Tubes schematic. 400
- Figure 36. CSCNT composite dispersion. 401
- Figure 37. Flexible CNT CMOS integrated circuits with sub-10 nanoseconds stage delays. 406
- Figure 38. Koatsu Gas Kogyo Co. Ltd CNT product. 411
- Figure 39. NAWACap. 433
- Figure 40. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 434
- Figure 41. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 435
- Figure 42. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 436
- Figure 43. CNT film. 439
- Figure 44. Shinko Carbon Nanotube TIM product. 454
- Figure 45. SWCNT market demand forecast (metric tons), 2018-2033. 484
- Figure 46. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process. 487
- Figure 47. Carbon nanotube paint product. 492
- Figure 48. MEIJO eDIPS product. 493
- Figure 49. HiPCO® Reactor. 497
- Figure 50. Smell iX16 multi-channel gas detector chip. 501
- Figure 51. The Smell Inspector. 501
- Figure 52. Toray CNF printed RFID. 504
- Figure 53. Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model. 507
- Figure 54. Schematic of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membrane used for water treatment. 509
- Figure 55. TEM image of FWNTs. 509
- Figure 56. Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns. 511
- Figure 57. TEM image of carbon onion. 513
- Figure 58. Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red. 514
- Figure 59. Conceptual diagram of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) (A) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (B) showing typical dimensions of length, width, and separation distance between graphene layers in MWCNTs (Source: JNM). 515
- Figure 60. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet. 519
- Figure 61. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for fullerenes. 535
- Figure 62. Global market demand for fullerenes, 2018-2033 (tons). 536
- Figure 63. Detonation Nanodiamond. 550
- Figure 64. DND primary particles and properties. 551
- Figure 65. Functional groups of Nanodiamonds. 552
- Figure 66. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2033. 560
- Figure 67. NBD battery. 579
- Figure 68. Neomond dispersions. 581
- Figure 69. Visual representation of graphene oxide sheets (black layers) embedded with nanodiamonds (bright white points). 583
- Figure 70. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 590
- Figure 71. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). 591
- Figure 72. Graphene quantum dots. 593
- Figure 73. Top-down and bottom-up methods. 594
- Figure 74. Dotz Nano GQD products. 597
- Figure 75. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 601
- Figure 76. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 602
- Figure 77. CO2 capture and separation technology. 607
- Figure 78. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities. 609
- Figure 79. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2022. 610
- Figure 80. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030. 611
- Figure 81. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2022 and 2030. 612
- Figure 82. Post-combustion carbon capture process. 615
- Figure 83. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant. 615
- Figure 84. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process. 617
- Figure 85. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process. 618
- Figure 86. Pre-combustion carbon capture process. 619
- Figure 87. Amine-based absorption technology. 622
- Figure 88. Pressure swing absorption technology. 627
- Figure 89. Membrane separation technology. 629
- Figure 90. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation. 630
- Figure 91. Process schematic of chemical looping. 631
- Figure 92. Calix advanced calcination reactor. 632
- Figure 93. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram. 633
- Figure 94. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction products. 635
- Figure 95. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse. 639
- Figure 96. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario. 639
- Figure 97. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions. 644
- Figure 98. Schematic of 2-D materials. 646
- Figure 99. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method. 650
- Figure 100. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method 651
- Figure 101. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 653
- Figure 102. BN nanosheet textiles application. 656
- Figure 103. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx. 658
- Figure 104. Types and applications of 2D TMDCs. 660
- Figure 105. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 661
- Figure 106. SEM image of MoS2. 662
- Figure 107. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 663
- Figure 108. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge. 664
- Figure 109. Borophene schematic. 665
- Figure 110. Black phosphorus structure. 667
- Figure 111. Black Phosphorus crystal. 668
- Figure 112. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation. 669
- Figure 113: Graphitic carbon nitride. 671
- Figure 114. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. 672
- Figure 115. Schematic of germanene. 673
- Figure 116. Graphdiyne structure. 676
- Figure 117. Schematic of Graphane crystal. 679
- Figure 118. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide. 680
- Figure 119. Silicene structure. 681
- Figure 120. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate. 682
- Figure 121. Silicene transistor. 683
- Figure 122. Crystal structure for stanene. 684
- Figure 123. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111). 685
- Figure 124. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 687
- Figure 125. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor. 689
- Figure 126. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 698
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