- Published: May 2025
- Pages: 869
- Tables: 206
- Figures: 294
Future Markets produced the first graphene market report in 2009 and has been at the forefront of market information covering the topic since. The Global Market for Graphene 2024-2035 is the latest edition, a comprehensive report that explores the evolving landscape of graphene materials, technologies, and applications. This in-depth analysis covers key sectors such as batteries, supercapacitors, polymer additives, sensors, conductive inks, transparent conductive films, transistors, filtration membranes, and more, providing insights into market trends, growth drivers, competitive landscapes, and future outlooks.
The report offers a detailed overview of graphene production methods, types of graphene materials, and their unique properties, highlighting the importance of this revolutionary nanomaterial in various industries. It covers the commercialization of graphene, including recent market developments, funding and investments, and profiles of publicly listed graphene companies. With market revenue and demand projections spanning from 2024 to 2035, the report segments the global graphene market by material type, end-user market, and region.
Key topics covered include:
- Types of graphene materials, including CVD graphene, graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots
- Graphene production methods, regulations, and pricing analysis
- Patent landscape and publication trends
- Comprehensive analysis of graphene applications in energy storage, composites, electronics, sensors, and more
- Market drivers, challenges, and opportunities for each application segment
- Regional market insights for Asia-Pacific, North America, and Europe
The report also explores emerging opportunities for graphene in industries such as aerospace, automotive, construction, healthcare, and textiles. It analyzes the supply chain, industrial collaborations, and the competitive landscape, providing a holistic view of the graphene market. Report contents include:
- Advanced carbon materials market analysis
- Graphene market developments 2020-2024
- Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024
- Global market in tons and revenues
- Graphene products
- Key market players and competitive landscape
- Industrial collaborations and licence agreements
- Supply chain
- Graphene market challenges
- Future outlook
- Risks and opportunities
- Overview of Graphene
- Regulations
- Patents and Publications
- Production and Pricing
- Commercial production capacities
- Graphene production issues and challenges
- Graphene pricing and cost analysis
- Key graphene market players, by graphene type
- Markets for Graphene including Batteries, Supercapacitors, Polymer additives, Sensors, Conductive inks, Transparent conductive films and displays, Transistors and integrated circuits, Filtration membranes, Thermal management, 3D printing and additive manufacturing, Adhesives, Aerospace, Automotive, Construction and buildings, Memory devices, Fuel cells, Biomedicine and healthcare, Lighting, Lubricants, Oil and gas, Paints and coatings, Photonics, Photovoltaics, Rubber and tyres, Textiles and apparel, Other markets.
- Graphene Company Profiles. The report features profiles of over 375 companies at the forefront of graphene innovation, offering valuable insights into their technologies, products, and strategic initiatives. Companies profiled include Advanced Material Development (AMD), Alterbiota, Archer Materials, Avadain, BeDimensional, Black Swan Graphene, Directa Plus, Evercloak, First Graphene, General Graphene, Gerdau Graphene, GIT Coatings, Graphenea, Graphene Star, Graphene Trace, Granode Materials, GRAFTA Nanotech, Haydale, Hydrograph, INBRAIN Neuroelectronics, Levidian, Lyten, NanoXplore, Paragraf, Premier Graphene, Rimere, Solidion Technology, Sparc Technologies, Tenutec, Turquoise Group and Universal Matter (Full list of companies in the table of contents).
- Graphene Ex-Producers and Product Developers
- Other 2-D Materials
- Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials
- 2D materials production methods
- Types of 2D materials
- 2D materials producer and supplier profiles
Whether you are an industry stakeholder, investor, or researcher, "The Global Market for Graphene 2024-2035" provides the critical insights needed to navigate this transformative and rapidly growing field.
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- 1.1 Advanced carbon materials 45
- 1.1.1 Types 45
- 1.2 Graphene and other 2D materials 47
- 1.3 Commercialization 48
- 1.4 The graphene market in 2023 49
- 1.5 Graphene market developments 2020-2024 51
- 1.6 Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024 62
- 1.7 Publicly listed graphene companies 64
- 1.8 Global market in tons and revenues 65
- 1.8.1 Global demand by graphene material (tons) 65
- 1.8.2 Global demand by end user market 68
- 1.8.3 Graphene market, by region 70
- 1.8.3.1 Asia-Pacific 72
- 1.8.3.1.1 China 72
- 1.8.3.1.2 Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific 72
- 1.8.3.2 North America 73
- 1.8.3.2.1 Main graphene producers in North America 74
- 1.8.3.3 Europe 74
- 1.8.3.3.1 Main graphene producers in Europe 75
- 1.8.3.1 Asia-Pacific 72
- 1.9 Graphene products 76
- 1.10 Key market players and competitive landscape 79
- 1.11 Industrial collaborations and licence agreements 80
- 1.12 Supply chain 88
- 1.13 Graphene market challenges 89
- 1.14 Future outlook 90
- 1.15 Risks and opportunities 92
2 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE
- 2.1 History 94
- 2.2 Properties 95
- 2.3 Types of graphene 96
- 2.3.1 Graphene materials 97
- 2.3.1.1 CVD Graphene 97
- 2.3.1.1.1 Single layer 98
- 2.3.1.1.2 Bilayer 99
- 2.3.1.1.3 Few Layer 99
- 2.3.1.1.4 Multilayer 99
- 2.3.1.1.5 Applications 100
- 2.3.1.2 Graphene nanoplatelets 100
- 2.3.1.3 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide 101
- 2.3.1.4 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) 103
- 2.3.1.4.1 Composition 103
- 2.3.1.4.2 Comparison to quantum dots 104
- 2.3.1.4.3 Properties 105
- 2.3.1.4.4 Synthesis 105
- 2.3.1.4.4.1 Top-down method 105
- 2.3.1.4.4.2 Bottom-up method 105
- 2.3.1.4.4.3 Comparison of synthesis methods 106
- 2.3.1.4.5 Applications 108
- 2.3.1.4.6 Markets for graphene quantum dots 109
- 2.3.1.4.6.1 Electronics and photonics 109
- 2.3.1.4.6.2 Energy storage and conversion 109
- 2.3.1.4.6.3 Sensors 111
- 2.3.1.4.6.4 Biomedicine and life sciences 112
- 2.3.1.4.6.5 Anti-counterfeiting 112
- 2.3.1.4.7 Challenges 113
- 2.3.1.4.8 Current and projected revenues 114
- 2.3.1.4.9 Pricing 115
- 2.3.1.4.10 Companies 115
- 2.3.1.4.10.1 American Elements 115
- 2.3.1.4.10.2 Biographene, Inc. 116
- 2.3.1.4.10.3 Carbon Upcycling Technologies 116
- 2.3.1.4.10.4 Dotz Nano Ltd. 118
- 2.3.1.4.10.5 ENano Tec Co., Ltd. 119
- 2.3.1.4.10.6 GoLeafe 120
- 2.3.1.4.10.7 Graphene Square 120
- 2.3.1.4.10.8 Graphensic AB 121
- 2.3.1.4.10.9 Green Science Alliance Co., Ltd. 122
- 2.3.1.4.10.10 KRI, Inc. 123
- 2.3.1.4.10.11 Quantag Nanotechnologies 124
- 2.3.1.4.10.12 Qurv Technologies S.L. 125
- 2.3.1.4.10.13 Shanghai Simbatt Energy Technology Co., Ltd. 125
- 2.3.1.4.10.14 Sigma-Aldrich 126
- 2.3.1.1 CVD Graphene 97
- 2.3.2 Intermediate products 127
- 2.3.2.1 Graphene masterbatches 127
- 2.3.2.2 Graphene dispersions 127
- 2.3.1 Graphene materials 97
- 2.4 Graphene production 128
- 2.4.1 Quality 130
- 2.4.2 Graphene production methods 131
- 2.4.3 Expanded graphite 134
- 2.4.4 Reduced graphene oxide 135
- 2.4.5 Direct liquid phase exfoliation process 136
- 2.4.6 Electrochemical exfoliation 136
- 2.4.7 Plasma exfoliation 136
- 2.4.8 Chemical Vapour Deposited (CVD) Graphene 137
- 2.4.8.1 Roll to roll (R2R) growth 137
- 2.4.8.2 Novel strategies 137
- 2.4.8.3 Epitaxial CVD graphene growth 138
- 2.5 Regulations 139
- 2.5.1 Environmental, health and safety regulation 139
- 2.5.1.1 Europe 139
- 2.5.1.2 United States 140
- 2.5.1.3 Asia-Pacific 142
- 2.5.2 Workplace exposure 142
- 2.5.1 Environmental, health and safety regulation 139
3 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS 144
4 PRODUCTION AND PRICING
- 4.1 Commercial production capacities 146
- 4.2 Graphene production issues and challenges 149
- 4.2.1 Oversupply 149
- 4.2.2 Quality 149
- 4.2.3 Large-volume markets 150
- 4.2.4 Commoditisation 150
- 4.2.5 Industrial end-user perspective 151
- 4.3 Graphene pricing and cost analysis 151
- 4.3.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene 154
- 4.3.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 156
- 4.3.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 157
- 4.3.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing 158
- 4.3.5 Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing 159
- 4.3.6 Graphene ink 160
- 4.4 Key graphene market players, by graphene type 161
5 MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE
- 5.1 BATTERIES 171
- 5.1.1 Market overview 172
- 5.1.1.1 Market drivers and trends 173
- 5.1.1.2 Applications 176
- 5.1.1.2.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 178
- 5.1.1.3 SWOT analysis 179
- 5.1.1.4 Addressable market size 180
- 5.1.1.5 Global market 180
- 5.1.1.5.1 Revenues 180
- 5.1.1.5.2 Tons, 2018-2035 181
- 5.1.2 Market players 183
- 5.1.1 Market overview 172
- 5.2 SUPERCAPACITORS 189
- 5.2.1 Market overview 189
- 5.2.1.1 Applications 189
- 5.2.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 192
- 5.2.1.2 SWOT analysis 193
- 5.2.1.3 Addressable market size 194
- 5.2.1.4 Global market 194
- 5.2.1.4.1 Revenues 194
- 5.2.1.4.2 Tons 195
- 5.2.1.1 Applications 189
- 5.2.2 Market players 197
- 5.2.1 Market overview 189
- 5.3 POLYMER ADDITIVES 200
- 5.3.1 Market overview 200
- 5.3.1.1 Applications 200
- 5.3.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 200
- 5.3.1.2 Fiber-based 200
- 5.3.1.2.1 Applications 201
- 5.3.1.3 Metal matrix composites (MMCs) 204
- 5.3.1.3.1 Applications 204
- 5.3.1.4 SWOT analysis 205
- 5.3.1.5 Addressable market size 206
- 5.3.1.6 Global market 207
- 5.3.1.6.1 Revenues 207
- 5.3.1.6.2 Tons 208
- 5.3.1.1 Applications 200
- 5.3.2 Market players 210
- 5.3.1 Market overview 200
- 5.4 SENSORS 214
- 5.4.1 Market overview 215
- 5.4.1.1 Applications 216
- 5.4.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 219
- 5.4.1.2 SWOT analysis 220
- 5.4.1.3 Addressable market size 221
- 5.4.1.4 Global market 221
- 5.4.1.4.1 Revenues 221
- 5.4.1.4.2 Tons 223
- 5.4.1.1 Applications 216
- 5.4.2 Market players 224
- 5.4.1 Market overview 215
- 5.5 CONDUCTIVE INKS 229
- 5.5.1 Market overview 229
- 5.5.1.1 Applications 230
- 5.5.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 232
- 5.5.1.2 SWOT analysis 234
- 5.5.1.3 Addressable market size 235
- 5.5.1.4 Global market 235
- 5.5.1.4.1 Revenues 235
- 5.5.1.4.2 Tons 236
- 5.5.1.1 Applications 230
- 5.5.2 Market players 238
- 5.5.1 Market overview 229
- 5.6 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS 240
- 5.6.1 Market outlook 240
- 5.6.1.1 Applications 241
- 5.6.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 243
- 5.6.1.2 SWOT analysis 243
- 5.6.1.3 Addressable market size 244
- 5.6.1.4 Global market 245
- 5.6.1.4.1 Revenues 245
- 5.6.1.4.2 Tons 246
- 5.6.1.1 Applications 241
- 5.6.2 Market players 248
- 5.6.1 Market outlook 240
- 5.7 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 250
- 5.7.1 Market overview 250
- 5.7.1.1 Applications 251
- 5.7.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 253
- 5.7.1.2 SWOT analysis 254
- 5.7.1.3 Addressable market size 255
- 5.7.1.4 Global market 255
- 5.7.1.4.1 Revenues 255
- 5.7.1.4.2 Tons 257
- 5.7.2 Market players 258
- 5.8 FILTRATION MEMBRANES 260
- 5.8.1 Market overview 260
- 5.8.1.1 Applications 261
- 5.8.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 264
- 5.8.1.2 SWOT analysis 265
- 5.8.1.3 Addressable market size 266
- 5.8.1.4 Global market 266
- 5.8.1.4.1 Revenues 266
- 5.8.1.4.2 Tons 268
- 5.8.1.1 Applications 261
- 5.8.2 Market players 269
- 5.8.1 Market overview 260
- 5.9 THERMAL MANAGEMENT 272
- 5.9.1 Market overview 272
- 5.9.1.1 Applications 272
- 5.9.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 272
- 5.9.1.2 SWOT analysis 273
- 5.9.1.3 Addressable market size 274
- 5.9.1.4 Global market 274
- 5.9.1.4.1 Revenues 274
- 5.9.1.4.2 Tons 276
- 5.9.1.1 Applications 272
- 5.9.2 Market players 277
- 5.9.1 Market overview 272
- 5.10 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 279
- 5.10.1 Market overview 279
- 5.10.1.1 Applications 280
- 5.10.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 282
- 5.10.1.2 SWOT analysis 282
- 5.10.1.3 Addressable market size 283
- 5.10.1.4 Global market 284
- 5.10.1.4.1 Revenues 284
- 5.10.1.4.2 Tons 285
- 5.10.1.1 Applications 280
- 5.10.2 Market players 286
- 5.10.1 Market overview 279
- 5.11 ADHESIVES 289
- 5.11.1 Market overview 289
- 5.11.1.1 Applications 290
- 5.11.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 292
- 5.11.1.2 SWOT analysis 292
- 5.11.1.3 Addressable market size 293
- 5.11.1.4 Global market 294
- 5.11.1.4.1 Revenues 294
- 5.11.1.4.2 Tons 295
- 5.11.2 Market players 296
- 5.12 AEROSPACE 298
- 5.12.1 Market overview 298
- 5.12.1.1 Applications 298
- 5.12.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 302
- 5.12.1.2 SWOT analysis 302
- 5.12.1.3 Addressable market size 303
- 5.12.1.4 Global market 304
- 5.12.1.4.1 Revenues 304
- 5.12.1.4.2 Tons 305
- 5.12.2 Market players 307
- 5.13 AUTOMOTIVE 310
- 5.13.1 Market overview 310
- 5.13.1.1 Applications 310
- 5.13.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 313
- 5.13.1.2 SWOT analysis 314
- 5.13.1.3 Addressable market size 315
- 5.13.1.4 Global market 316
- 5.13.1.4.1 Revenues 316
- 5.13.1.4.2 Tons 317
- 5.13.1.1 Applications 310
- 5.13.2 Market players 319
- 5.13.1 Market overview 310
- 5.14 CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS 323
- 5.14.1 Market overview 323
- 5.14.1.1 Applications 323
- 5.14.1.1.1 Cement 325
- 5.14.1.1.2 Asphalt bitumen 326
- 5.14.1.1.3 Aerogels 327
- 5.14.1.1.3.1 3D printed aerogels 327
- 5.14.1.1.3.2 Carbon-based aerogel composites 328
- 5.14.1.1.4 Applications roadmap to 2035 328
- 5.14.1.2 SWOT analysis 329
- 5.14.1.3 Addressable market size 330
- 5.14.1.4 Global market 330
- 5.14.1.4.1 Revenues 330
- 5.14.1.4.2 Tons 332
- 5.14.1.1 Applications 323
- 5.14.2 Market players 333
- 5.14.1 Market overview 323
- 5.15 MEMORY DEVICES 336
- 5.15.1 Market overview 336
- 5.15.1.1 Applications 337
- 5.15.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 338
- 5.15.1.2 SWOT analysis 339
- 5.15.1.3 Addressable market size 340
- 5.15.1.4 Global market 340
- 5.15.1.4.1 Revenues 340
- 5.15.1.4.2 Tons 342
- 5.15.1.1 Applications 337
- 5.15.2 Market players 343
- 5.15.1 Market overview 336
- 5.16 FUEL CELLS 345
- 5.16.1 Market overview 345
- 5.16.1.1 Applications 346
- 5.16.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 348
- 5.16.1.2 SWOT analysis 349
- 5.16.1.3 Addressable market size 350
- 5.16.1.4 Global market 350
- 5.16.1.4.1 Revenues 350
- 5.16.1.4.2 Tons 352
- 5.16.1.1 Applications 346
- 5.16.2 Market players 353
- 5.16.1 Market overview 345
- 5.17 BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE 354
- 5.17.1 Market overview 355
- 5.17.1.1 Applications 355
- 5.17.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 359
- 5.17.1.2 Drug delivery 359
- 5.17.1.3 Imaging and diagnostics 360
- 5.17.1.4 Implants 360
- 5.17.1.5 Medical biosensors 361
- 5.17.1.6 Woundcare 361
- 5.17.1.7 Medical wearables 362
- 5.17.1.8 Gene delivery 363
- 5.17.1.9 SWOT analysis 364
- 5.17.1.10 Addressable market size 365
- 5.17.1.11 Global market 365
- 5.17.1.11.1 Revenues 365
- 5.17.1.11.2 Tons 366
- 5.17.1.1 Applications 355
- 5.17.2 Market players 368
- 5.17.1 Market overview 355
- 5.18 LIGHTING 372
- 5.18.1 Market overview 372
- 5.18.1.1 Applications 372
- 5.18.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 374
- 5.18.1.2 SWOT analysis 375
- 5.18.1.3 Addressable market size 376
- 5.18.1.4 Global market 377
- 5.18.1.4.1 Revenues 377
- 5.18.1.4.2 Tons 378
- 5.18.1.1 Applications 372
- 5.18.2 Market players 380
- 5.18.1 Market overview 372
- 5.19 LUBRICANTS 381
- 5.19.1 Market overview 382
- 5.19.1.1 Applications 382
- 5.19.1.2 SWOT analysis 384
- 5.19.1.3 Addressable market size 385
- 5.19.1.4 Global market 386
- 5.19.1.4.1 Revenues 386
- 5.19.1.4.2 Tons 387
- 5.19.2 Market players 388
- 5.19.1 Market overview 382
- 5.20 OIL AND GAS 391
- 5.20.1 Market overview 391
- 5.20.1.1 Applications 391
- 5.20.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 394
- 5.20.1.2 SWOT analysis 394
- 5.20.1.3 Addressable market size 395
- 5.20.1.4 Global market 396
- 5.20.1.4.1 Revenues 396
- 5.20.1.4.2 Tons 397
- 5.20.1.1 Applications 391
- 5.20.2 Market players 399
- 5.20.1 Market overview 391
- 5.21 PAINTS AND COATINGS 400
- 5.21.1 Market overview 400
- 5.21.1.1 Applications 400
- 5.21.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 404
- 5.21.1.2 SWOT analysis 405
- 5.21.1.3 Addressable market size 406
- 5.21.1.4 Global market 406
- 5.21.1.4.1 Revenues 406
- 5.21.1.4.2 Tons 408
- 5.21.1.1 Applications 400
- 5.21.2 Market players 409
- 5.21.1 Market overview 400
- 5.22 PHOTONICS 415
- 5.22.1 Market overview 415
- 5.22.1.1 Applications 415
- 5.22.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 417
- 5.22.1.2 SWOT analysis 419
- 5.22.1.3 Addressable market size 420
- 5.22.1.4 Global market 420
- 5.22.1.4.1 Revenues 420
- 5.22.1.4.2 Tons 421
- 5.22.1.1 Applications 415
- 5.22.2 Market players 423
- 5.22.1 Market overview 415
- 5.23 PHOTOVOLTAICS 424
- 5.23.1 Market overview 424
- 5.23.1.1 Applications 425
- 5.23.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 428
- 5.23.1.2 SWOT analysis 429
- 5.23.1.3 Addressable market size 430
- 5.23.1.4 Global market 430
- 5.23.1.4.1 Revenues 430
- 5.23.1.4.2 Tons 432
- 5.23.1.1 Applications 425
- 5.23.2 Market players 433
- 5.23.1 Market overview 424
- 5.24 RUBBER AND TYRES 435
- 5.24.1 Market overview 435
- 5.24.1.1 Applications 435
- 5.24.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 438
- 5.24.1.2 SWOT analysis 438
- 5.24.1.3 Addressable market size 439
- 5.24.1.4 Global market 440
- 5.24.1.4.1 Revenues 440
- 5.24.1.4.2 Tons 441
- 5.24.1.1 Applications 435
- 5.24.2 Market players 443
- 5.24.1 Market overview 435
- 5.25 TEXTILES AND APPAREL 446
- 5.25.1 Market outlook 446
- 5.25.1.1 Applications 447
- 5.25.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 450
- 5.25.1.2 Addressable market size 451
- 5.25.1.3 SWOT analysis 452
- 5.25.1.4 Global market 453
- 5.25.1.4.1 Revenues 453
- 5.25.1.4.2 Tons 454
- 5.25.1.1 Applications 447
- 5.25.2 Market players 456
- 5.25.1 Market outlook 446
- 5.26 OTHER MARKETS 461
- 5.26.1 Audio equipment 461
- 5.26.2 Sporting goods and apparel 461
- 5.26.3 Carbon capture and utilization 463
- 5.26.3.1 CO2 utilization pathways 463
- 5.26.3.2 Carbon storage 464
- 5.26.3.2.1.1 Passive storage 464
- 5.26.3.2.1.2 Enhanced oil recovery 465
- 5.26.3.3 Transporting CO2 465
- 5.26.3.3.1 Methods of CO2 transport 465
- 5.26.3.3.1.1 Pipeline 467
- 5.26.3.3.1.2 Ship 467
- 5.26.3.3.1.3 Road 468
- 5.26.3.3.1.4 Rail 468
- 5.26.3.3.1.5 Safety 468
- 5.26.3.3.1 Methods of CO2 transport 465
- 5.26.3.4 Costs 469
- 5.26.3.5 Market map 470
- 5.26.3.6 Point-source carbon capture for blue hydrogen 473
- 5.26.3.6.1 Transportation 474
- 5.26.3.6.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities 474
- 5.26.3.6.3 By source 476
- 5.26.3.6.4 By endpoint 477
- 5.26.3.6.5 Main carbon capture processes 477
- 5.26.3.6.5.1 Materials 477
- 5.26.3.6.5.2 Post-combustion 479
- 5.26.3.6.5.3 Oxy-fuel combustion 481
- 5.26.3.6.5.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle 482
- 5.26.3.6.5.5 Pre-combustion 483
- 5.26.3.7 Carbon utilization 484
- 5.26.3.7.1 Benefits of carbon utilization 488
- 5.26.3.7.2 Market challenges 490
- 5.26.3.7.3 Co2 utilization pathways
6 GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES
- 6.1 2D Carbon Graphene Material Co., Ltd. 494
- 6.2 2D fab AB 495
- 6.3 2D Fluidics Pty Ltd 496
- 6.4 2-DTech Limited 497
- 6.5 2D Materials Pte. Ltd. (2DM) 498
- 6.6 Adeka Corporation 498
- 6.7 Advanced Graphene Products z o.o. 499
- 6.8 Advanced Material Development (AMD) 500
- 6.9 AEH Innovative Hydrogel Limited (AEH) 502
- 6.10 Aerogel Core Ltd 502
- 6.11 Agar Scientific 503
- 6.12 AIKA Innovative Technology Co., Ltd. 504
- 6.13 AirMembrane Corporation 504
- 6.14 Akkolab 506
- 6.15 AlterBiota 506
- 6.16 AMO GmbH 507
- 6.17 Amalyst 507
- 6.18 Anaphite Limited 508
- 6.19 Appear, Inc. 508
- 6.20 Applied Nanolayers BV 509
- 6.21 Applied Nanotech, Inc. 509
- 6.22 ApplyNanosolutions S.L. 510
- 6.23 AR Brown Co. Ltd 511
- 6.24 Archer Materials Ltd. 511
- 6.25 Arvia Technology 512
- 6.26 Asbury Carbons 514
- 6.27 Atomic Mechanics Ltd. 514
- 6.28 Atrago 515
- 6.29 Australian Advanced Materials 515
- 6.30 Avadain Inc. 517
- 6.31 AVANSA Technology & Services 518
- 6.32 Avanzare Innovacion Tecnologica S.L. 518
- 6.33 AVIC BIAM New Materials Technology Engineering Co., Ltd. 519
- 6.34 Aztrong, Inc. 520
- 6.35 Baotailong New Materials Co., Ltd. 520
- 6.36 BASF AG 521
- 6.37 Bass Metals Limited 521
- 6.38 Bee Energy 522
- 6.39 Bee Graphene 522
- 6.40 Bedimensional S.p.A 523
- 6.41 Beijing Carbon Century Technology Co., Ltd. 524
- 6.42 BestGraphene 525
- 6.43 BGT Materials Ltd. 525
- 6.44 BioGraph Solutions 526
- 6.45 Biographene, Inc. 527
- 6.46 Bio Graphene Solutions, Inc. 527
- 6.47 BioGraph Sense Inc. 528
- 6.48 Biolin Scientific AB 528
- 6.49 BioMed X GmbH 529
- 6.50 Blackleaf SAS 530
- 6.51 Black Semiconductor GmbH 530
- 6.52 Black Swan Graphene 531
- 6.53 Boomatech 531
- 6.54 Bright Day Graphene AB 532
- 6.55 Brain Scientific 532
- 6.56 Breton spa 534
- 6.57 BTR New Energy Materials, Inc. 534
- 6.58 C's Techno, Inc. 535
- 6.59 C2CNT LLC/Capital Power 535
- 6.60 Cabot Corporation 536
- 6.61 California Lithium Battery 537
- 6.62 Cambridge Graphene Ltd. 538
- 6.63 CamGraphIC Ltd. 538
- 6.64 Cambridge Raman Imaging Limited 539
- 6.65 Carborundum Universal Ltd (CUMI) 540
- 6.66 Carbon-2D Graphene, Inc. 540
- 6.67 Carbon Gates Technologies LLC 541
- 6.68 Carbon Nano-Material Technology Co., Ltd. 542
- 6.69 Carbon Research and Development Company (CRDC) 542
- 6.70 Carbon Upcycling Technologies 543
- 6.71 CarbonUP 544
- 6.72 Carbon Rivers, Inc, 544
- 6.73 Carbon Waters 545
- 6.74 Cealtech AS 546
- 6.75 CellsX 547
- 6.76 Ceylon Graphene Technologies Pvt Ltd 548
- 6.77 Charm Graphene Co., Ltd. 549
- 6.78 China Carbon Graphite Group, Inc. 550
- 6.79 China Telecommunications Corporation 550
- 6.80 Chongqing Moxi Science and Technology Co., Ltd. 551
- 6.81 CVD Equipment Corporation 551
- 6.82 Colloids Ltd. 552
- 6.83 Comet Resources Ltd. 553
- 6.84 COnovate 553
- 6.85 Concrene Limited 554
- 6.86 CrayoNano AS 554
- 6.87 CRRC Corporation 555
- 6.88 Danubia NanoTech s.r.o. 556
- 6.89 Das-Nano 556
- 6.90 Deyang Carbonene Technology 557
- 6.91 Directa Plus plc 557
- 6.92 DJ Nanotech, Inc. 558
- 6.93 Dongxu Optoelectronic Technology Co., Ltd 559
- 6.94 Dotz Nano Ltd. 560
- 6.95 Dreamfly Innovations 562
- 6.96 Dycotec Materials Ltd. 562
- 6.97 DZP Technologies 563
- 6.98 Earthdas 564
- 6.99 Earthasia International Holdings Ltd 564
- 6.100 Elcora Advanced Materials Corp. 565
- 6.101 Emberion Oy 565
- 6.102 ENano Tec Co., Ltd. 566
- 6.103 EnyGy 567
- 6.104 Evercloak, Inc. 567
- 6.105 Evove 569
- 6.106 Fangda Carbon New Material Co., Ltd. 569
- 6.107 FGV Cambridge Nanosystems 570
- 6.108 First Graphene Ltd. 571
- 6.109 FlexeGRAPH 573
- 6.110 Flextrapower 574
- 6.111 Fujian Huafeng Industry Co., Ltd. 575
- 6.112 Fujitsu Laboratories 576
- 6.113 Fuyang Sineva Material Technology Co., Ltd. 576
- 6.114 G6 Materials Corp. 577
- 6.115 Garmor, Inc. 578
- 6.116 General Graphene 579
- 6.117 Gerdau Graphene 580
- 6.118 Glaren 581
- 6.119 Global Graphene Group 581
- 6.120 Gnanomat S.L. 582
- 6.121 GoLeafe 583
- 6.122 Golden Formula 584
- 6.123 Goodheat (NDT Engineering & Aerospace Co., Ltd.) 584
- 6.124 GQenergy srl 585
- 6.125 Grafentek 585
- 6.126 Grafine Ltd. 586
- 6.127 GRAFTA Nanotech 586
- 6.128 Grafren AB 587
- 6.129 GrafTech International 587
- 6.130 Grafoid, Inc. 588
- 6.131 Grahope New Materials Technologies Inc. 589
- 6.132 Granode Materials 590
- 6.133 GraphAudio 590
- 6.134 Graphenaton Technologies SA 591
- 6.135 GrapheneCR 591
- 6.136 Graphenano s.l. 592
- 6.137 Graphene-XT S.r.l. 594
- 6.138 Grapheal 595
- 6.139 Graphenall Co., Ltd. 596
- 6.140 Graphenix Development Inc. (GDI) 597
- 6.141 Graphene Batteries AS 598
- 6.142 Graphene Composites Limited 598
- 6.143 GrapheneDx 599
- 6.144 Graphene Enabled Systems Ltd 599
- 6.145 Graphene Industries Ltd. 600
- 6.146 Graphene Layers 601
- 6.147 Graphene Leaders Canada (GLC) Inc. 601
- 6.148 Graphene Lighting PLC 602
- 6.149 Graphene Manufacturing Group Pty Ltd 603
- 6.150 Graphene Master NL 604
- 6.151 Graphene NanoChem Plc 604
- 6.152 Graphene One LLC 606
- 6.153 Graphene Platform Corp 607
- 6.154 Graphene Production 607
- 6.155 Graphene Star Ltd 608
- 6.156 Graphene Square 608
- 6.157 Graphene Trace 610
- 6.158 GrapheneUP 610
- 6.159 Graphenetech S.L. 611
- 6.160 Graphenea Nanomaterials 611
- 6.161 Graphensic AB 612
- 6.162 Graphitene 613
- 6.163 Graphjet Technology Sdn. Bhd. 614
- 6.164 GraphWear Technologies 614
- 6.165 Graphite Innovation and Technologies Inc. 616
- 6.166 GraphenicaLab S.L. 616
- 6.167 Graphenglass 617
- 6.168 Graphenemex 617
- 6.169 GrapheneX Pty Ltd. 618
- 6.170 Graphex Group Ltd 618
- 6.171 Graphmatech AB 619
- 6.172 Gratomic, Inc. 620
- 6.173 Green Science Alliance Co., Ltd. 621
- 6.174 Grenoble Green Graphenofluid 622
- 6.175 GRIP Molecular Technologies 623
- 6.176 Grolltex, Inc. 623
- 6.177 Grupo Antolin Ingenieria S.A. 624
- 6.178 Guangzhou Automobile Group Co. Ltd. 625
- 6.179 Haike Group 625
- 6.180 Hangzhou Cable Co., Ltd. 626
- 6.181 Hangzhou Gaoxi Technology Co., Ltd. 626
- 6.182 Haydale Graphene Industries Plc 627
- 6.183 Hefeikaier Nanometer Energy & Technology Co., Ltd. 628
- 6.184 HQ Graphene 629
- 6.185 Heraeus 629
- 6.186 Hexalayer LLC 630
- 6.187 HexagonFab 630
- 6.188 Hexorp 631
- 6.189 Highbery New Nano Materials Technology 631
- 6.190 HRL Laboratories, LLC 632
- 6.191 H Quest Vanguard 632
- 6.192 Hub Nanotech 633
- 6.193 Huvis 634
- 6.194 Hybrid Kinetic Group 634
- 6.195 HydroGraph Clean Power 635
- 6.196 Hygraner S.r.l. 635
- 6.197 Iceni Labs 636
- 6.198 Imagine Intelligent Materials Pty Ltd 637
- 6.199 Imerys Graphite & Carbon 638
- 6.200 INBRAIN Neuroelectronics 638
- 6.201 Incubation Alliance, Inc. 639
- 6.202 Integrated Graphene Ltd. 640
- 6.203 Infinoil 641
- 6.204 Ionic Industries Ltd. 642
- 6.205 JCNANo Tech Co., Ltd. 642
- 6.206 Jiangsu Yueda New Material Technology Co., Ltd. 643
- 6.207 Jinan Moxi New Material Technology Co., Ltd. 643
- 6.208 Jikantechno Corporation 644
- 6.209 JMC 645
- 6.210 KB Element 646
- 6.211 KNV’S Inc. 646
- 6.212 KoreaGraph 647
- 6.213 KRI, Inc. 647
- 6.214 Kukil Graphene Co., Ltd. 648
- 6.215 LayerOne (Abalonyx AS) 648
- 6.216 LeaderNano Tech LLC 650
- 6.217 Leading Edge Materials Corp. 650
- 6.218 Levidian Nanosystems 651
- 6.219 LIGC Application Ltd. 651
- 6.220 Log 9 Materials 652
- 6.221 Lyten, Inc. 653
- 6.222 Mag7 Technologies LLC 654
- 6.223 MC10, Inc. 654
- 6.224 MCK Tech Co., Ltd. 655
- 6.225 Meijo Nano Carbon Co., Ltd. 656
- 6.226 Merck 656
- 6.227 Metalysis Limited 657
- 6.228 MExplorer Co., Ltd 658
- 6.229 MICC TEC Co., Ltd. 658
- 6.230 Micro-Composite, Inc. 659
- 6.231 Micro Powders, Inc. 659
- 6.232 Millennial Scientific, Inc. 660
- 6.233 Mingshuo (Beijing) Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. 661
- 6.234 MITO Material Solutions 661
- 6.235 Morion NanoTech 662
- 6.236 Morrow Batteries 662
- 6.237 mPhase Technologies 663
- 6.238 Nanjing JCNano Co., Ltd. 663
- 6.239 Nanjing SCF Nanotech, Ltd. 664
- 6.240 Nanesa S.r.l. 664
- 6.241 Nano4 665
- 6.242 NanoAffix Science LLC 665
- 6.243 Nanocarbon Sp. z o.o. 666
- 6.244 nanoEMI Sp. z o.o. 667
- 6.245 NanoGraf Corporation 667
- 6.246 Nanografi Nanotechnology 668
- 6.247 Nano Graphene, Inc. 669
- 6.248 Nanoinnova Technologies SL 670
- 6.249 Nanoloom Limited 670
- 6.250 Nanomatrix Materials (NM Materials) 671
- 6.251 Nanopinturas 672
- 6.252 NanoPlexus Ltd 672
- 6.253 Nanoquimia S.L. 673
- 6.254 Nanotech Energy Inc. 673
- 6.255 NanoXplore, Inc. 676
- 6.256 Nawa Techonologies 676
- 6.257 NEC Corporation 679
- 6.258 NematiQ 681
- 6.259 NeoGraf Solutions, LLC 681
- 6.260 Newtec Engineering A/S 683
- 6.261 Ningbo Morsh Technology Co., Ltd. 683
- 6.262 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. 684
- 6.263 NiSiNa materials Co. Ltd. 684
- 6.264 Nitronix 685
- 6.265 Nordische Technologies 686
- 6.266 NORgraphene Technologies Ltd. 686
- 6.267 Nova Graphene,Inc. 687
- 6.268 Novusterra, Inc. 688
- 6.269 Ntherma Corporation 688
- 6.270 Orbex 689
- 6.271 Oros Apparel 689
- 6.272 Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd. 690
- 6.273 Ossila Limited 691
- 6.274 Paragraf Ltd. 691
- 6.275 Paragraf USA (Cardea Bio, Inc.) 693
- 6.276 Payper Technologies 694
- 6.277 Perpetuus Advanced Materials Plc 694
- 6.278 Planartech LLC 695
- 6.279 Plenesys 696
- 6.280 PolyJoule 696
- 6.281 Premier Graphene, Inc. 697
- 6.282 Promethient, Inc 697
- 6.283 Provexa Technology AB 698
- 6.284 Pure Hydrogen Corporation Limited 699
- 6.285 Qingdao DT Nanotechnology Co., Ltd. 700
- 6.286 Quantag Nanotechnologies 700
- 6.287 Qurv Technologies S.L. 702
- 6.288 QV Bioelectronics 702
- 6.289 Raymor NanoIntegris 703
- 6.290 Radiant Panel Technologies 703
- 6.291 Real Graphene USA LLC 704
- 6.292 Resilient Energi 704
- 6.293 Ressinea 705
- 6.294 Rimere 705
- 6.295 Ritedia Corp. 706
- 6.296 Rusgraphene 707
- 6.297 Saint Jean Carbon, Inc. 708
- 6.298 SaltX Technology AB 708
- 6.299 Sangbo Corporation 709
- 6.300 Senergy Innovations Ltd 710
- 6.301 SensFit Technologies 710
- 6.302 Shanghai Simbatt Energy Technology Co., Ltd. 711
- 6.303 Shenzhen Danbond Technology Co Ltd 711
- 6.304 S Graphene Co., Ltd. 712
- 6.305 SHT Smart High Tech AB 712
- 6.306 Sigma-Aldrich Corporation 713
- 6.307 Signet Graphene Technologies, Inc. 714
- 6.308 Sixonia Tech GmbH 715
- 6.309 The Sixth Element (Changzhou) Materials Technology Co., Ltd. 716
- 6.310 Skeleton Technologies OÜ 718
- 6.311 SmartIR Ltd. 720
- 6.312 Soft Carbon Electronics 721
- 6.313 Solerial Matusions AB 721
- 6.314 Solidion Technology 722
- 6.315 SoundCell 722
- 6.316 Source Graphene 723
- 6.317 SP Nano 723
- 6.318 SpaceBlue Ltd. 724
- 6.319 Sparc Technologies Ltd. 725
- 6.320 Standard Graphene 725
- 6.321 SuperC Technology Limited 726
- 6.322 Surwon Technology 727
- 6.323 Strem Chemicals, Inc. 727
- 6.324 Sunrise Energy Metals Limited 728
- 6.325 Suzhou Graphene Nanotechnology Co., Ltd. 729
- 6.326 Tachmed Ltd. 729
- 6.327 Taiwan Carbon Nanotube Technology 730
- 6.328 Talga Resources 731
- 6.329 Targray 733
- 6.330 Tata Steel 733
- 6.331 Team Group, Inc. 734
- 6.332 Technow SA 735
- 6.333 Tenutec AB 736
- 6.334 Textile Two Dimensional Ltd. 736
- 6.335 Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd. 737
- 6.336 Tianjin Pulan Nano Technologies Ltd. 738
- 6.337 Tirupati Graphite 739
- 6.338 Topsen Technology 739
- 6.339 Toraphene 740
- 6.340 Toray Industries 741
- 6.341 Tribonex 742
- 6.342 Triton Mineral Limited 743
- 6.343 True 2 Materials Pte, Ltd. 743
- 6.344 Turquoise Group 744
- 6.345 UC Bacon Company Limited 744
- 6.346 Ugent Tech Sdn Bhd 745
- 6.347 Urbix Resources LLC 746
- 6.348 Universal Matter 746
- 6.349 Universal Matter GBR 748
- 6.350 UpCatalyst 749
- 6.351 Vaulta 750
- 6.352 Versarien plc 751
- 6.353 Via Separations 754
- 6.354 Volexion, Inc. 754
- 6.355 Vorbeck 755
- 6.356 Watercycle Technologies 756
- 6.357 William Blythe Limited 757
- 6.358 WuXi YuanWen Graphene Technology Co., Ltd. 757
- 6.359 XFNANO Materials Tech Co., Ltd. 758
- 6.360 Xiamen G-CVD Material Technology Co., Ltd. 759
- 6.361 Xiamen Knano Graphene Technology Co., Ltd. 759
- 6.362 YUYAO PGS New Material Technology Co., Ltd 760
- 6.363 ZapGo Ltd. 761
- 6.364 Zextec Nano 762
- 6.365 Zentek 762
- 6.366 Zero Emissions Developments (ZED) 764
- 6.367 ZNSHINE PV-Tech Co., Ltd. 764
- 6.368 Zoxcell Limited 765
7 GRAPHENE EX-PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS 766
8 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS 782
- 8.1 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials 785
- 8.2 2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS 787
- 8.2.1 Top-down exfoliation 787
- 8.2.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation method 788
- 8.2.1.2 Liquid exfoliation method 788
- 8.2.2 Bottom-up synthesis 789
- 8.2.2.1 Chemical synthesis in solution 789
- 8.2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition 789
- 8.2.1 Top-down exfoliation 787
- 8.3 TYPES OF 2D MATERIALS 791
- 8.3.1 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 791
- 8.3.1.1 Properties 791
- 8.3.1.2 Applications and markets 792
- 8.3.1.2.1 Electronics 792
- 8.3.1.2.2 Fuel cells 793
- 8.3.1.2.3 Adsorbents 793
- 8.3.1.2.4 Photodetectors 793
- 8.3.1.2.5 Textiles 793
- 8.3.1.2.6 Biomedical 794
- 8.3.2 MXenes 795
- 8.3.2.1 Properties 795
- 8.3.2.2 Applications 796
- 8.3.2.2.1 Catalysts 796
- 8.3.2.2.2 Hydrogels 796
- 8.3.2.2.3 Energy storage devices 796
- 8.3.2.2.3.1 Supercapacitors 796
- 8.3.2.2.3.2 Batteries 797
- 8.3.2.2.3.3 Gas Separation 797
- 8.3.2.2.4 Liquid Separation 797
- 8.3.2.2.5 Antibacterials 797
- 8.3.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) 797
- 8.3.3.1 Properties 798
- 8.3.3.1.1 Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) 798
- 8.3.3.1.2 Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 800
- 8.3.3.2 Applications 800
- 8.3.3.2.1 Electronics 800
- 8.3.3.2.2 Optoelectronics 801
- 8.3.3.2.3 Biomedical 801
- 8.3.3.2.4 Piezoelectrics 802
- 8.3.3.2.5 Sensors 802
- 8.3.3.2.6 Filtration 802
- 8.3.3.2.7 Batteries and supercapacitors 803
- 8.3.3.2.8 Fiber lasers 803
- 8.3.3.1 Properties 798
- 8.3.4 Borophene 803
- 8.3.4.1 Properties 803
- 8.3.4.2 Applications 804
- 8.3.4.2.1 Energy storage 804
- 8.3.4.2.2 Hydrogen storage 804
- 8.3.4.2.3 Sensors 805
- 8.3.4.2.4 Electronics 805
- 8.3.5 Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus 805
- 8.3.5.1 Properties 805
- 8.3.5.2 Applications 807
- 8.3.5.2.1 Electronics 807
- 8.3.5.2.2 Field effect transistors 807
- 8.3.5.2.3 Thermoelectrics 807
- 8.3.5.2.4 Batteries 807
- 8.3.5.2.4.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) 808
- 8.3.5.2.4.2 Sodium-ion batteries 808
- 8.3.5.2.4.3 Lithium–sulfur batteries 808
- 8.3.5.2.5 Supercapacitors 808
- 8.3.5.2.6 Photodetectors 809
- 8.3.5.2.7 Sensors 809
- 8.3.6 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) 809
- 8.3.6.1 Properties 809
- 8.3.6.2 C2N 810
- 8.3.6.3 Applications 810
- 8.3.6.3.1 Electronics 810
- 8.3.6.3.2 Filtration membranes 811
- 8.3.6.3.3 Photocatalysts 811
- 8.3.6.3.4 Batteries 811
- 8.3.6.3.5 Sensors 811
- 8.3.7 Germanene 811
- 8.3.7.1 Properties 812
- 8.3.7.2 Applications 813
- 8.3.7.2.1 Electronics 813
- 8.3.7.2.2 Batteries 813
- 8.3.8 Graphdiyne 814
- 8.3.8.1 Properties 814
- 8.3.8.2 Applications 815
- 8.3.8.2.1 Electronics 815
- 8.3.8.2.2 Batteries 815
- 8.3.8.2.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) 815
- 8.3.8.2.2.2 Sodium ion batteries 815
- 8.3.8.2.3 Separation membranes 816
- 8.3.8.2.4 Water filtration 816
- 8.3.8.2.5 Photocatalysts 816
- 8.3.8.2.6 Photovoltaics 816
- 8.3.8.2.7 Gas separation 816
- 8.3.9 Graphane 817
- 8.3.9.1 Properties 817
- 8.3.9.2 Applications 817
- 8.3.9.2.1 Electronics 818
- 8.3.9.2.2 Hydrogen storage 818
- 8.3.10 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) 818
- 8.3.10.1 Properties 818
- 8.3.10.2 Applications 819
- 8.3.11 Silicene 819
- 8.3.11.1 Properties 819
- 8.3.11.2 Applications 820
- 8.3.11.2.1 Electronics 820
- 8.3.11.2.2 Thermoelectrics 821
- 8.3.11.2.3 Batteries 821
- 8.3.11.2.4 Sensors 821
- 8.3.11.2.5 Biomedical 821
- 8.3.12 Stanene/tinene 822
- 8.3.12.1 Properties 822
- 8.3.12.2 Applications 823
- 8.3.12.2.1 Electronics 823
- 8.3.13 Antimonene 824
- 8.3.13.1 Properties 824
- 8.3.13.2 Applications 824
- 8.3.14 Indium selenide 825
- 8.3.14.1 Properties 825
- 8.3.14.2 Applications 825
- 8.3.14.2.1 Electronics 825
- 8.3.15 Layered double hydroxides (LDH) 826
- 8.3.15.1 Properties 826
- 8.3.15.2 Applications 826
- 8.3.15.2.1 Adsorbents 826
- 8.3.15.2.2 Catalyst 826
- 8.3.15.2.3 Sensors 826
- 8.3.15.2.4 Electrodes 827
- 8.3.15.2.5 Flame Retardants 827
- 8.3.15.2.6 Biosensors 827
- 8.3.15.2.7 Tissue engineering 828
- 8.3.15.2.8 Anti-Microbials 828
- 8.3.15.2.9 Drug Delivery 828
- 8.3.1 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 791
- 8.4 2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES 829
- 8.4.1 2D fab AB 829
- 8.4.2 2D Fluidics Pty Ltd 829
- 8.4.3 2D Layer 830
- 8.4.4 2D Semiconductors 831
- 8.4.5 Advanced Material Development (AMD) 832
- 8.4.6 Applied Nanolayers BV 832
- 8.4.7 Bedimensional S.p.A 833
- 8.4.8 Cambridge Graphene Ltd. 834
- 8.4.9 Evercloak, Inc. 835
- 8.4.10 FlexeGRAPH 837
- 8.4.11 HQ Graphene 838
- 8.4.12 Merck 838
- 8.4.13 Ossila Limited 839
- 8.4.14 Paragraf Ltd. 840
- 8.4.15 Planartech LLC 842
- 8.4.16 Rusgraphene 843
- 8.4.17 Smart Elements GmbH 843
- 8.4.18 SPI Supplies 844
- 8.4.19 XlynX Materials Inc. 844
9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 846
- 9.1 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 846
10 REFERENCES 849
List of Tables
- Table 1. Types of advanced carbon materials, properties and applications. 45
- Table 2. Graphene market developments 2020-2024. 51
- Table 3. Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024. 62
- Table 4. Publicly listed graphene companies. 65
- Table 5. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons). 66
- Table 6. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons). 68
- Table 7. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons). 70
- Table 8. Main graphene producers in North America. 74
- Table 9. Main graphene producers in Europe. 75
- Table 10. Commercial products incorporating graphene. 76
- Table 11. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets. 80
- Table 12. Graphene market challenges. 89
- Table 13. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 95
- Table 14. Applications of GO and rGO. 102
- Table 15. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 104
- Table 16. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 107
- Table 17. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 108
- Table 18. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics. 109
- Table 19. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion. 110
- Table 20. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors. 111
- Table 21. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences. 112
- Table 22. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics. 112
- Table 23. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots. 114
- Table 24. Prices for graphene quantum dots. 115
- Table 25. Assessment of graphene production methods. 132
- Table 26. Methods for reducing graphene oxide. 135
- Table 27. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Europe. 139
- Table 28. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in North America. 140
- Table 29. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Asia-Pacific. 142
- Table 30. Accumulated number of patent publications for graphene, 2004-2022. 144
- Table 31. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell into 2023. 147
- Table 32. Types of graphene and typical prices. 152
- Table 33. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer. 155
- Table 34. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer. 156
- Table 35. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer. 157
- Table 36. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer. 158
- Table 37. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer. 159
- Table 38. Graphene ink pricing by producer. 160
- Table 39. Graphene producers and types produced. 161
- Table 40. Graphene producers target market matrix. 165
- Table 41. Graphene product developers target market matrix. 168
- Table 42. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries. 171
- Table 43. Market outlook for graphene in batteries. 172
- Table 44. Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries. 173
- Table 45. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof. 175
- Table 46. Market and applications for graphene in batteries. 176
- Table 47. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 180
- Table 48. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2035. 181
- Table 49. Markets players in graphene batteries. 183
- Table 50. Market overviewfor graphene in supercapacitors. 189
- Table 51: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 189
- Table 52. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors. 190
- Table 53. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 194
- Table 54. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2035. 195
- Table 55. Market players in graphene supercapacitors. 197
- Table 56. Market outlook for graphene in polymer additives. 201
- Table 57. Market and applications for graphene fiber-based polymer additives. 201
- Table 58. Market and applications for graphene metal matrix composites. 204
- Table 59. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 207
- Table 60. Global market demand for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035, tons. 208
- Table 61. Market players in graphene polymer additives. 210
- Table 62. Market overview for graphene in sensors. 215
- Table 63. Market and applications for graphene in sensors. 216
- Table 64. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 221
- Table 65. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2035. 223
- Table 66. Market players in graphene sensors. 224
- Table 67. Market outlook for graphene in conductive inks. 229
- Table 68. Market and applications for graphene in conductive inks. 230
- Table 69. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 231
- Table 70. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 235
- Table 71. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2035. 236
- Table 72. Product developers in graphene conductive inks. 238
- Table 73. Market outlook for graphene in transparent conductive films. 240
- Table 74. Market and applications for graphene in transparent conductive films. 241
- Table 75. Comparison of ITO replacements. 242
- Table 76. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 245
- Table 77. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2035. 246
- Table 78. Market players in graphene transparent conductive films. 248
- Table 79. Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors. 250
- Table 80. Market outlook for graphene in transistors. 250
- Table 81. Market and applications for graphene transistors. 251
- Table 82. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 255
- Table 83. Global demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2035. 257
- Table 84. Market players in graphene transistors and integrated circuits. 258
- Table 85. Market outlook for graphene in filtration membranes. 260
- Table 86. Market and applications for graphene in filtration membranes. 261
- Table 87. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 266
- Table 88. Global demand for graphene in filtration membranes (tons), 2018-2035. 268
- Table 89. Market players in filtration. 269
- Table 90. Market and applications for thermal management. 272
- Table 91. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 274
- Table 92. Global demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2035. 276
- Table 93. Market players in graphene thermal management. 277
- Table 94. Market outlook for graphene in additive manufacturing. 279
- Table 95. Market and applications for graphene in additive manufacturing. 280
- Table 96. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 284
- Table 97. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2035. 285
- Table 98. Market players in additive manufacturing. 286
- Table 99. Market outlook for graphene in adhesives. 289
- Table 100. Market and applications for graphene in adhesives. 290
- Table 101. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 294
- Table 102. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2035. 295
- Table 103. Market players in graphene adhesives. 296
- Table 104. Market assessment for graphene in aerospace. 298
- Table 105. Market and applications for graphene in aerospace. 299
- Table 106. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 304
- Table 107. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030. 305
- Table 108: Market players in graphene for aerospace. 307
- Table 109. Market outlook for graphene in automotive. 310
- Table 110. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 311
- Table 111. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 314
- Table 112. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 316
- Table 113. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2035. 317
- Table 114. Market players in the graphene automotive market. 319
- Table 115. Market outlook for graphene in construction. 323
- Table 116. Applications of graphene in construction and buildings. 323
- Table 117. Graphene for concrete and cement. 325
- Table 118. Graphene for asphalt bitumen. 326
- Table 119. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 330
- Table 120. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2035. 332
- Table 121: Market players in graphene in construction. 333
- Table 122. Market outlook for graphene in memory devices. 336
- Table 123. Market and applications for graphene in memory devices. 337
- Table 124. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 340
- Table 125. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (tons). 342
- Table 126. Market players in graphene memory devices. 343
- Table 127. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells. 345
- Table 128. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells. 346
- Table 129. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 350
- Table 130. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2035. 352
- Table 131. Market players in graphene fuel cells. 353
- Table 132. Market and applications for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 355
- Table 133. Market overview for graphene in drug delivery. 359
- Table 134. Market overview for graphene in imaging and diagnostics. 360
- Table 135. Market overview for graphene in medical implants. 360
- Table 136. Market overview for graphene in medical biosensors. 361
- Table 137. Market overview for graphene in woundcare. 361
- Table 138. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 365
- Table 139. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2035. 366
- Table 140. Market players in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 368
- Table 141. Market overview for graphene in lighting. 372
- Table 142. Market and applications for graphene in lighting. 372
- Table 143. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 377
- Table 144. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (tons). 378
- Table 145. Market players in graphene lighting. 380
- Table 146. Nanomaterial lubricant products. 381
- Table 147. Market overview for graphene in lubricants. 382
- Table 148. Market and applications for graphene in lubricants. 382
- Table 149. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 386
- Table 150. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2035. 387
- Table 151. Market players in graphene lubricants. 388
- Table 152. Market overview for graphene in oil and gas. 391
- Table 153. Market and applications for graphene in oil and gas. 391
- Table 154. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 396
- Table 155. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2035. 397
- Table 156. Market players in graphene oil and gas. 399
- Table 157. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings. 400
- Table 158. Market and applications for graphene in paints and coatings. 400
- Table 159. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 406
- Table 160. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2035. 408
- Table 161. Market players in graphene paints and coatings. 409
- Table 162. Market overview for graphene in photonics. 415
- Table 163. Market and applications for graphene in photonics. 415
- Table 164. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 420
- Table 165. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035. 422
- Table 166. Market players in graphene photonics. 423
- Table 167. Market overview for graphene in photovoltaics. 424
- Table 168. Market and applications for graphene in photovoltaics. 425
- Table 169. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 430
- Table 170. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2035. 432
- Table 171. Marker players in graphene solar. 433
- Table 172. Market outlook for graphene in rubber and tyres. 435
- Table 173. Market and applications for graphene in rubber and tyres. 435
- Table 174. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 440
- Table 175. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2035. 441
- Table 176. Market players in rubber and tyres. 443
- Table 177. Market outlook for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 446
- Table 178. Market and applications for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 447
- Table 179. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 453
- Table 180. Global demand for graphene in textiles & apparel (tons), 2018-2035. 454
- Table 181. Market players in smart textiles and apparel. 456
- Table 182. Graphene audio equipment producers and products. 461
- Table 183. Graphene sporting goods producers and products. 462
- Table 184. Methods of CO2 transport. 466
- Table 185. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2 469
- Table 186. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture. 469
- Table 187. Point source examples. 473
- Table 188. Assessment of carbon capture materials 478
- Table 189. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 481
- Table 190. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture. 484
- Table 191. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$). 488
- Table 192. CO2 utilization and removal pathways. 488
- Table 193. Market challenges for CO2 utilization. 490
- Table 194. Example CO2 utilization pathways. 491
- Table 195. Performance criteria of energy storage devices. 761
- Table 196. 2D materials types. 784
- Table 197. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 785
- Table 198. Comparison of top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials. 787
- Table 199. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials. 790
- Table 200. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 792
- Table 201. Markets and applications for 2D molybdenum disulphide. 799
- Table 202. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 806
- Table 203. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene. 812
- Table 204. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs 815
- Table 205. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene. 823
- Table 206. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples. 847
List of Figures
- Figure 1. Asus ROG Swift OLED PG49WCD gaming monitor. 58
- Figure 2. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons), conservative estimate. 67
- Figure 3. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons). 69
- Figure 4. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons). 71
- Figure 5. Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific. 72
- Figure 6. TONE Free T90S model. 78
- Figure 7. Graphene Supply Chain. 89
- Figure 8. Graphene layer structure schematic. 94
- Figure 9. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG. 94
- Figure 10. Graphite and graphene. 95
- Figure 11. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 97
- Figure 12. Types of CVD methods. 98
- Figure 13. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite. 101
- Figure 14. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 103
- Figure 15. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). 104
- Figure 16. Graphene quantum dots. 106
- Figure 17. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods. 107
- Figure 18. Revenues for graphene quantum dots 2019-2035, millions USD 115
- Figure 19. Dotz Nano GQD products. 118
- Figure 20. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 122
- Figure 21. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 124
- Figure 22. Fabrication methods of graphene. 128
- Figure 23. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF. 129
- Figure 24. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd. 130
- Figure 25. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods. 131
- Figure 26. Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2023. 145
- Figure 27. CVD Graphene on Cu Foil. 154
- Figure 28. Applications of graphene in batteries. 178
- Figure 29. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in batteries. 179
- Figure 30. SWOT analysis for graphene in batteries. 180
- Figure 31. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 181
- Figure 32. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2035. 182
- Figure 33. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank. 184
- Figure 34. Exide Graphene Lead Acid Battery. 184
- Figure 35. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries. 185
- Figure 36. Real Graphene Powerbank. 187
- Figure 37. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH. 188
- Figure 38. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors. 192
- Figure 39. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in supercapacitors. 193
- Figure 40. SWOT analysis for graphene in supercapacitors. 194
- Figure 41. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 195
- Figure 42. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2035. 197
- Figure 43. KEPCO’s graphene supercapacitors. 198
- Figure 44. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor. 199
- Figure 45. Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger. 199
- Figure 46. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in polymer additives. 200
- Figure 47. Applications of graphene in polymer additives. 204
- Figure 48. SWOT analysis for graphene in polymer additives. 206
- Figure 49. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 208
- Figure 50. Demand for graphene in polymer additives (tons), 2018-2035. 209
- Figure 51. Graphene bike. 210
- Figure 52. Graphene lacrosse equipment. 211
- Figure 53. Graphene-based suitcase made from recycled plastic. 211
- Figure 54. Aros Create. 212
- Figure 55. Grays graphene hockey sticks. 214
- Figure 56. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring. 215
- Figure 57. Applications of graphene in sensors. 219
- Figure 58. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in sensors. 220
- Figure 59. SWOT analysis for graphene in sensors. 221
- Figure 60. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 222
- Figure 61. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2035. 224
- Figure 62. AGILE R100 system. 225
- Figure 63. Graphene fully packaged linear array detector. 226
- Figure 64. GFET sensors. 226
- Figure 65. Graphene is used to increase sensitivity to middle-infrared light. 228
- Figure 66. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in conductive inks. 232
- Figure 67. Applications of graphene in conductive inks. 233
- Figure 68. SWOT analysis for graphene in conductive inks. 234
- Figure 69. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 236
- Figure 70. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2035. 237
- Figure 71. BGT Materials graphene ink product. 238
- Figure 72. Printed graphene conductive ink. 239
- Figure 73. Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink. 239
- Figure 74. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays. 243
- Figure 75. SWOT analysis for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays. 244
- Figure 76. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 246
- Figure 77. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2035. 247
- Figure 78. Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application. 248
- Figure 79. Applications of graphene transistors. 253
- Figure 80. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene transistors. 254
- Figure 81. SWOT analysis for graphene in transistors. 255
- Figure 82. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 256
- Figure 83. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2035. 258
- Figure 84. Graphene IC in wafer tester. 259
- Figure 85. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right). 259
- Figure 86. Applications of graphene in filtration membranes. 264
- Figure 87. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene filtration membranes. 265
- Figure 88. SWOT analysis for graphene in filtration membranes. 266
- Figure 89. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 267
- Figure 90. Global demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2035. 269
- Figure 91. Graphene anti-smog mask. 269
- Figure 92. Graphene filtration membrane. 270
- Figure 93. Graphene water filer cartridge. 270
- Figure 94. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in thermal management. 273
- Figure 95. SWOT analysis for graphene in thermal management. 274
- Figure 96. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 275
- Figure 97. Demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2035. 277
- Figure 98. Graphene IC in wafer tester. 278
- Figure 99. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right). 278
- Figure 100. Applications of graphene in additive manufacturing 281
- Figure 101. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in additive manufacturing. 282
- Figure 102. SWOT analysis for graphene in additive manufacturing. 283
- Figure 103. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 285
- Figure 104. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2035. 286
- Figure 105. CNCTArch lightweight mounting for digital signalling. 287
- Figure 106. Applications of graphene in adhesives. 291
- Figure 107. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in adhesives. 292
- Figure 108. SWOT analysis for graphene in adhesives. 293
- Figure 109. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 295
- Figure 110. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2035. 296
- Figure 111. Graphene Adhesives. 297
- Figure 112. Applications of graphene in aerospace. 301
- Figure 113. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in aerospace. 302
- Figure 114. SWOT analysis for graphene in aerospace. 303
- Figure 115. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 305
- Figure 116. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2035. 306
- Figure 117. Orbex Prime rocket. 308
- Figure 118: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargo container. 308
- Figure 119: Graphene aircraft. 309
- Figure 120. Applications of graphene in automotive. 313
- Figure 121. SWOT analysis for graphene in automotive. 315
- Figure 122. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 317
- Figure 123. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2035. 318
- Figure 124. Supercar incorporating graphene. 319
- Figure 125. Graphene anti-corrosion primer. 320
- Figure 126. Graphene-R Brake pads. 321
- Figure 127. Antistatic graphene tire. 321
- Figure 128. Graphene engine oil additives. 322
- Figure 129. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete. 324
- Figure 130. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in construction. 328
- Figure 131. SWOT analysis for graphene in construction. 329
- Figure 132. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 331
- Figure 133. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2035. 333
- Figure 134. Graphene asphalt additives. 334
- Figure 135. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus. 335
- Figure 136. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in memory devices. 339
- Figure 137. SWOT analysis for graphene in memory devices. 339
- Figure 138. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 341
- Figure 139. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (tons). 343
- Figure 140. Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random-access memory (RRAM). 344
- Figure 141. Applications of graphene in fuel cells. 348
- Figure 142. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in fuel cells. 349
- Figure 143. SWOT analysis for graphene in fuel cells. 349
- Figure 144. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 351
- Figure 145. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2035. 353
- Figure 146. Graphene-based E-skin patch. 354
- Figure 147. Applications of graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 358
- Figure 148. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 359
- Figure 149. Flexible and transparent bracelet that uses graphene to measure heart rate, respiration rate etc. 363
- Figure 150. SWOT analysis for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare. 364
- Figure 151. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 366
- Figure 152. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2035. 367
- Figure 153. Graphene medical biosensors for wound healing. 369
- Figure 154. Hememics' handheld reader with a disposable test chip containing a 32-plex graphene-based biosensor. 369
- Figure 155. GraphWear wearable sweat sensor. 370
- Figure 156. BioStamp nPoint. 371
- Figure 157. Applications of graphene in lighting. 374
- Figure 158. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in lighting. 375
- Figure 159. SWOT analysis for graphene in lighting. 376
- Figure 160. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 378
- Figure 161. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (tons). 379
- Figure 162. Graphene LED bulbs. 380
- Figure 163. Applications of graphene in lubricants. 384
- Figure 164. SWOT analysis for graphene in lubricants. 385
- Figure 165. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 387
- Figure 166. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2035. 388
- Figure 167. Tricolit spray coating. 389
- Figure 168. Graphenoil products. 389
- Figure 169. Applications of graphene in oil and gas. 393
- Figure 170. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in oil and gas. 394
- Figure 171. SWOT analysis for graphene in oil and gas. 395
- Figure 172. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 397
- Figure 173. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2035. 398
- Figure 174. Directa Plus Grafysorber. 399
- Figure 175. Applications of graphene in paints and coatings. 403
- Figure 176. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in paints and coatings. 404
- Figure 177. SWOT analysis for graphene in paints and coatings. 405
- Figure 178. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 407
- Figure 179. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2035. 409
- Figure 180. Cryorig CPU cooling system with graphene coating. 410
- Figure 181. Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate. 411
- Figure 182. 23303 ZINCTON GNC graphene paint. 411
- Figure 183. Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand. 412
- Figure 184. Scania Truck head lamp brackets ACT chamber 6 weeks, equivalent to 3y field use. Piece treated with GO to the left together with different non-GO coatings. 413
- Figure 185. Schematic of graphene heat film. 414
- Figure 186. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in photonics. 418
- Figure 187. Applications of graphene in photonics. 418
- Figure 188. SWOT analysis for graphene in photonics. 419
- Figure 189. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 421
- Figure 190. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035. 422
- Figure 191. All-graphene optical communication link demonstrator operating at a data rate of 25 Gb/s per channel. 423
- Figure 192. Applications of graphene in photovoltaics. 427
- Figure 193. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in in photovoltaics. 428
- Figure 194. SWOT analysis for graphene in photovoltaics. 429
- Figure 195. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 431
- Figure 196. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2035. 433
- Figure 197. Graphene coated glass. 434
- Figure 198. Applications of graphene in rubber and tyres. 437
- Figure 199. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in rubber and tyres. 438
- Figure 200. SWOT analysis for graphene in rubber and tyres. 439
- Figure 201. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 441
- Figure 202. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2035. 442
- Figure 203. Eagle F1 graphene tyre. 443
- Figure 204. Graphene floor mats. 444
- Figure 205. Vittoria Corsa G+ tire. 445
- Figure 206. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 450
- Figure 207. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in textiles and apparel. 451
- Figure 208. SWOT analysis for graphene in textiles and apparel. 452
- Figure 209. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 454
- Figure 210. Global demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2035. 455
- Figure 211. 878 Project One jacket display. 456
- Figure 212. Colmar graphene ski jacket. 457
- Figure 213. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing. 457
- Figure 214. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey. 458
- Figure 215. Inov-8 graphene shoes. 459
- Figure 216. Graphene Functional Membranes - UniTran GM. 460
- Figure 217. Graphene jacket. 460
- Figure 218. Callaway Chrome Soft golf and Chrome Soft X golf balls. 462
- Figure 219. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle. 463
- Figure 220. Various pathways for CO2 utilization. 464
- Figure 221. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage. 465
- Figure 222. Transport of CCS technologies. 466
- Figure 223. Railroad car for liquid CO₂ transport 468
- Figure 224. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector. 470
- Figure 225. CCUS market map. 473
- Figure 226. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities. 475
- Figure 227. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2022. 476
- Figure 228. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030. 477
- Figure 229. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2022 and 2030. 477
- Figure 230. Post-combustion carbon capture process. 480
- Figure 231. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant. 480
- Figure 232. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process. 482
- Figure 233. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process. 483
- Figure 234. Pre-combustion carbon capture process. 484
- Figure 235. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages. 485
- Figure 236. Applications for CO2. 487
- Figure 237. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector. 488
- Figure 238. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services. 490
- Figure 239. Co2 utilization pathways and products. 493
- Figure 240. Graphene heating films. 494
- Figure 241. Graphene flake products. 500
- Figure 242. AIKA Black-T. 504
- Figure 243. Printed graphene biosensors. 512
- Figure 244. Prototype of printed memory device. 516
- Figure 245. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 533
- Figure 246. Graphene battery schematic. 559
- Figure 247. Dotz Nano GQD products. 561
- Figure 248. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 568
- Figure 249. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 579
- Figure 250. Wearable sweat sensor. 615
- Figure 251. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 621
- Figure 252. Sensor surface. 637
- Figure 253. BioStamp nPoint. 655
- Figure 254. Nanotech Energy battery. 674
- Figure 255. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 677
- Figure 256. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 678
- Figure 257. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 679
- Figure 258. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 680
- Figure 259. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445. 698
- Figure 260. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 701
- Figure 261. The Sixth Element graphene products. 716
- Figure 262. Thermal conductive graphene film. 717
- Figure 263. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 732
- Figure 264. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO. 735
- Figure 265. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions. 782
- Figure 266. Schematic of 2-D materials. 784
- Figure 267. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method. 788
- Figure 268. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method 789
- Figure 269. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 791
- Figure 270. BN nanosheet textiles application. 794
- Figure 271. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx. 795
- Figure 272. Types and applications of 2D TMDCs. 798
- Figure 273. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 799
- Figure 274. SEM image of MoS2. 799
- Figure 275. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 801
- Figure 276. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge. 802
- Figure 277. Borophene schematic. 804
- Figure 278. Black phosphorus structure. 805
- Figure 279. Black Phosphorus crystal. 806
- Figure 280. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation. 807
- Figure 281: Graphitic carbon nitride. 810
- Figure 282. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. 810
- Figure 283. Schematic of germanene. 812
- Figure 284. Graphdiyne structure. 814
- Figure 285. Schematic of Graphane crystal. 817
- Figure 286. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide. 818
- Figure 287. Silicene structure. 819
- Figure 288. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate. 820
- Figure 289. Silicene transistor. 821
- Figure 290. Crystal structure for stanene. 822
- Figure 291. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111). 823
- Figure 292. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 825
- Figure 293. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor. 827
- Figure 294. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 836
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