global graphene market

Published January 2022 | 714 pages, 189 tables, 201 figures | Table of contents

The market for graphene has grown hugely in the past decade, with numerous products now on the market and more to come as graphene producers record steadily increasing revenues and OEMs witnessing significant returns in clothing, sportswear, footwear, tires, batteries etc. The market for graphene in batteries is witnessing large-scale investments.

Graphene is attracting increasing attention from investors, researchers and industrial players due to exceptional mechanical, electronic, and thermal properties. Graphene is available in multi-ton quantities from many producers and has been identified by many industry sectors as a key materials that will drive future product development in flexible electronics, smart textiles, biosensors, drug delivery, water filtration, supercapacitors and more.

The Graphene Market Report 2022 is the most comprehensive and up-to date report on graphene currently available, by the world's leading market authority on graphene and publisher of Graphene Magazine. Profiling over 300 companies, the report provides key information for investors and executives to enable them to understand and take advantage of the opportunities provided by graphene (other 2D materials are also covered).

The Graphene Market Report 2022 contains:

Assessment of graphene by market including applications, key benefits, market megatrends, market drivers for graphene, technology drawbacks, competing materials, potential consumption of graphene to 2032 and main players.
Assessment of graphene materials (CVD graphene, graphene nano platelets, graphene oxide, etc), intermediate products (graphene masterbatches, dispersions, etc) and final products with graphene embedded (e.g. headphones, tennis racquets, etc). Tabular data on current graphene products.
Graphical depictions of graphene applications by market.
In depth-assessment of graphene producer and distributor pricing in 2021.
Global market for graphene in tons, by sector, historical and forecast to 2032. Global graphene market size split by market in 2021 and for each application to 2032.
Full list of technology collaborations, strategic partnerships, and M&As in the global graphene market including collaboration dates.
In-depth profiles of more than 320 graphene producers and application/product developers including products, production capacities, manufacturing methods, collaborations, licensing, customers and target markets. Companies profiled include Directa Plus, Global Graphene Group, Anaphite Limited, Saint Jean Carbon, Huvis, SafeLi LLC, Grapheal, Graphex Group Ltd, Versarien, Talga Resources, Archer Materials, Haydale Graphene, Paragraf, Graphenea and many more.
List of ex-graphene producers.
Detailed forecasts for key growth areas, opportunities and demand.
Market overview of industry developments in 2020-22.
Unique market assessment tools to assess the viability of graphene, by market, and application.
Market assessment of other 2D materials.
Analysis of 2D materials market including Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), hexagonal boron-nitride (BNNS), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC), Mxenes, Borophene, Phosphorene, Graphitic carbon nitride, Germanene, Graphyne, graphane, Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2), silicene, Stanene/tinene, Tungsten diselenide, Antimonene, diamene and indium selenide.

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 34

1.1 Graphene properties 34
1.2 Commercialization 35
1.3 The graphene market to date 36
1.4 Market outlook for 2022 and beyond 37
1.5 The market in 2021 37
1.6 Graphene commercial market developments 2020-2022 39
1.7 Graphene funding and investments 2020-2022 43
1.8 Publicly listed graphene companies 46
1.9 Graphene global production capacities, in tons and by type 47
1.10 Global demand for graphene 49
- 1.10.1 Global graphene demand, to 2032, tons 49
- 1.10.2 Global graphene demand, by end user market to 2032 52
- 1.10.3 Graphene market, by region 55
  - 1.10.3.1 Asia-Pacific 55
  - 1.10.3.2 North America 58
  - 1.10.3.3 Europe 60
1.11 Graphene products 61
1.12 Industrial collaborations and licence agreements 64
1.13 Graphene market challenges 72

2 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE 74

2.1 History 74
2.2 Properties 75
2.3 Types of graphene 76
- 2.3.1 Graphene materials 77
  - 2.3.1.1 CVD Graphene 77
  - 2.3.1.2 Graphene nanoplatelets 79
  - 2.3.1.3 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide 80
  - 2.3.1.4 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) 81
- 2.3.2 Intermediate products 96
  - 2.3.2.1 Graphene masterbatches 96
  - 2.3.2.2 Graphene dispersions 96

3 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION 98

3.1 Quality 99
3.2 Assessment of graphene production methods 100

4 REGULATIONS 105

4.1 Environmental, health and safety regulation 105
- 4.1.1 Europe 105
- 4.1.2 United States 106
- 4.1.3 Asia-Pacific 107
4.2 Workplace exposure 108

5 GRAPHENE PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS 110

6 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION 112

6.1 Commercial production capacities 113
6.2 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide production capacities 114
- 6.2.1 By producer 114
6.3 Graphene nanoplatelets production capacities 115
- 6.3.1 By producer 116
6.4 CVD graphene film 117
- 6.4.1 By producer 117
6.5 Graphene production issues and challenges 118
- 6.5.1 Oversupply 118
- 6.5.2 Quality 118
- 6.5.3 Large-volume markets 119
- 6.5.4 Commoditisation 119
- 6.5.5 Industrial end-user perspective 120

7 GRAPHENE PRICING 121

7.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene 123
7.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 124
7.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 125
7.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing 126
7.5 Graphene quantum dots pricing 128
7.6 Multilayer graphene (MLG) pricing 129
7.7 Graphene ink 130

8 MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE 131

8.1 3D PRINTING 131
- 8.1.1 Graphene in 3D printing 131
- 8.1.2 Market outlook 131
- 8.1.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 132
- 8.1.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 135
- 8.1.5 Product developers 137
8.2 ADHESIVES 139
- 8.2.1 Graphene in adhesives 139
- 8.2.2 Market outlook 140
- 8.2.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 140
- 8.2.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 143
- 8.2.5 Product developers 144
8.3 GRAPHENE IN AEROSPACE 146
- - 8.3.1 Market overview 146
  - 8.3.2 Market prospects 146
  - 8.3.3 Market assessment 147
  - 8.3.4 Applications Map 149
  - 8.3.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 150
  - 8.3.6 Product developers 151
8.4 AUTOMOTIVE 154
- 8.4.1 Graphene in the automotive sector 154
- 8.4.2 Market outlook 155
- 8.4.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 156
- 8.4.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 159
- 8.4.5 Product developers 160
8.5 BATTERIES 164
- 8.5.1 Graphene in batteries 164
  - 8.5.1.1 Battery market megatrends 165
- 8.5.2 Market outlook 170
  - 8.5.2.1 Flexible and stretchable batteries 172
- 8.5.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 173
- 8.5.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 178
- 8.5.5 Product developers 179
8.6 COMPOSITES 185
- 8.6.1 Graphene in composites 185
- 8.6.2 Fiber-based polymer composite parts 185
  - 8.6.2.1 Market outlook 185
  - 8.6.2.2 Market drivers, trends and applications 186
- 8.6.3 Metal-matrix composites 190
  - 8.6.3.1 Market drivers, trends and applications 190
- 8.6.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 191
- 8.6.5 Product developers 192
8.7 CONDUCTIVE INKS 198
- 8.7.1 Graphene in conductive inks 198
- 8.7.2 Market outlook 198
- 8.7.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 199
- 8.7.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 203
- 8.7.5 Product developers 205
8.8 CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS 208
- 8.8.1 Graphene in construction and buildings 208
- 8.8.2 Market outlook 208
- 8.8.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 209
  - 8.8.3.1 Cement 209
  - 8.8.3.2 Asphalt bitumen 211
  - 8.8.3.3 Aerogels 212
- 8.8.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 213
- 8.8.5 Product developers 214
8.9 ELECTRONICS 217
- 8.9.1 WEARABLE ELECTRONICS AND DISPLAYS 217
  - 8.9.1.1 Graphene in wearable electronics and displays 217
  - 8.9.1.2 Market outlook 218
  - 8.9.1.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 218
  - 8.9.1.4 Global market, historical and forecast to 2032 221
  - 8.9.1.5 Product developers 222
- 8.9.2 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 224
  - 8.9.2.1 Graphene in transistors and integrated circuits 224
  - 8.9.2.2 Market outlook 224
  - 8.9.2.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 225
  - 8.9.2.4 Global market, historical and forecast to 2032 228
  - 8.9.2.5 Product developers 229
- 8.9.3 MEMORY DEVICES 231
  - 8.9.3.1 Graphene in memory devices 231
  - 8.9.3.2 Market outlook 231
  - 8.9.3.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 232
  - 8.9.3.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 233
  - 8.9.3.5 Product developers 235
8.10 FILTER MEDIA 236
- 8.10.1 Graphene in filter media 236
- 8.10.2 Market prospects 236
- 8.10.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 237
- 8.10.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 241
- 8.10.5 Product developers 243
8.11 FUEL CELLS 246
- 8.11.1 Graphene in fuel cells 246
- 8.11.2 Market outlook 246
- 8.11.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 247
- 8.11.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 251
- 8.11.5 Product developers 252
8.12 LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 253
- 8.12.1 Graphene in life sciences and medicine 253
- 8.12.2 Market outlook 254
  - 8.12.2.1 Drug delivery 254
  - 8.12.2.2 Imaging and diagnostics 255
  - 8.12.2.3 Implants 255
  - 8.12.2.4 Medical biosensors 256
  - 8.12.2.5 Woundcare 257
  - 8.12.2.6 Medical wearables 257
  - 8.12.2.7 Gene delivery 258
- 8.12.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 259
- 8.12.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 263
- 8.12.5 Product developers 265
8.13 LIGHTING 269
- 8.13.1 Graphene in lighting 269
- 8.13.2 Market outlook 269
- 8.13.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 270
- 8.13.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 272
- 8.13.5 Product developers 273
8.14 LUBRICANTS 275
- 8.14.1 Graphene in lubricants. 275
- 8.14.2 Market outlook 276
- 8.14.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 277
- 8.14.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 279
- 8.14.5 Product developers 280
8.15 OIL AND GAS 283
- 8.15.1 Graphene in oil and gas 283
- 8.15.2 Market outlook 283
- 8.15.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 284
- 8.15.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 286
- 8.15.5 Product developers 287
8.16 PAINTS AND COATINGS 289
- 8.16.1 Graphene in paints and coatings 289
- 8.16.2 Market outlook 289
- 8.16.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 290
- 8.16.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 293
- 8.16.5 Product developers 295
8.17 PHOTONICS 300
- 8.17.1 Graphene in paints and coatings. 300
- 8.17.2 Market outlook 300
- 8.17.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 301
- 8.17.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 304
- 8.17.5 Product developers 306
8.18 PHOTOVOLTAICS 307
- 8.18.1 Graphene in photovoltaics 307
- 8.18.2 Market outlook 308
- 8.18.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 308
- 8.18.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 311
- 8.18.5 Product developers 312
8.19 RUBBER AND TIRES 314
- 8.19.1 Graphene in rubber and tires. 314
- 8.19.2 Market outlook 314
- 8.19.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 315
- 8.19.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 318
- 8.19.5 Product developers 320
8.20 SENSORS 323
- 8.20.1 Graphene in sensors. 323
- 8.20.2 Market outlook 324
- 8.20.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 324
- 8.20.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 328
- 8.20.5 Product developers 330
8.21 TEXTILES AND APPAREL 334
- 8.21.1 Graphene in textiles and apparel. 334
- 8.21.2 Market outlook 334
- 8.21.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 335
- 8.21.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 340
- 8.21.5 Product developers 341
8.22 SUPERCAPACITORS 346
- 8.22.1 Graphene in supercapacitors. 346
- 8.22.2 Market outlook 346
- 8.22.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 347
  - 8.22.3.1 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors 349
- 8.22.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 350
- 8.22.5 Product developers 351
8.23 OTHER MARKETS 354
- 8.23.1 Audio equipment 354
- 8.23.2 Sporting goods and apparel 354

9 GRAPHENE PRODUCER ASSESSMENT 356

9.1 Types of graphene produced, by producer 356
9.2 Markets targeted, by producer 360
9.3 Graphene product developers target markets 363

10 GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES 367 (320 company profiles)

11 GRAPHENE EX-PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS 610

12 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS 625

12.1 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials 628
12.2 2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS 630
- 12.2.1 Top-down exfoliation 630
  - 12.2.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation method 631
  - 12.2.1.2 Liquid exfoliation method 631
- 12.2.2 Bottom-up synthesis 632
  - 12.2.2.1 Chemical synthesis in solution 632
  - 12.2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition 632
12.3 TYPES OF 2D MATERIALS 634
- 12.3.1 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 634
  - 12.3.1.1 Properties 634
  - 12.3.1.2 Applications and markets 635
- 12.3.2 MXenes 638
  - 12.3.2.1 Properties 638
  - 12.3.2.2 Applications 639
- 12.3.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) 641
  - 12.3.3.1 Properties 641
  - 12.3.3.2 Applications 643
- 12.3.4 Borophene 646
  - 12.3.4.1 Properties 646
  - 12.3.4.2 Applications 646
- 12.3.5 Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus 648
  - 12.3.5.1 Properties 648
  - 12.3.5.2 Applications 649
- 12.3.6 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) 653
  - 12.3.6.1 Properties 653
  - 12.3.6.2 C2N 653
  - 12.3.6.3 Applications 654
- 12.3.7 Germanene 655
  - 12.3.7.1 Properties 655
  - 12.3.7.2 Applications 656
- 12.3.8 Graphdiyne 658
  - 12.3.8.1 Properties 658
  - 12.3.8.2 Applications 659
- 12.3.9 Graphane 661
  - 12.3.9.1 Properties 661
  - 12.3.9.2 Applications 661
- 12.3.10 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) 663
  - 12.3.10.1 Properties 663
  - 12.3.10.2 Applications 663
- 12.3.11 Silicene 664
  - 12.3.11.1 Properties 664
  - 12.3.11.2 Applications 665
- 12.3.12 Stanene/tinene 667
  - 12.3.12.1 Properties 667
  - 12.3.12.2 Applications 668
- 12.3.13 Antimonene 669
  - 12.3.13.1 Properties 669
  - 12.3.13.2 Applications 669
- 12.3.14 Indium selenide 670
  - 12.3.14.1 Properties 670
  - 12.3.14.2 Applications 670
- 12.3.15 Layered double hydroxides (LDH) 671
  - 12.3.15.1 Properties 671
  - 12.3.15.2 Applications 671
12.4 2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES 674
- 12.4.1 2D fab AB 674
- 12.4.2 2D Fluidics Pty Ltd 674
- 12.4.3 2D Layer 675
- 12.4.4 2D Semiconductors 676
- 12.4.5 Advanced Material Development (AMD) 677
- 12.4.6 Applied Nanolayers BV 677
- 12.4.7 Bedimensional S.p.A 678
- 12.4.8 Cambridge Graphene Ltd. 679
- 12.4.9 Evercloak, Inc. 680
- 12.4.10 FlexeGRAPH 682
- 12.4.11 HQ Graphene 683
- 12.4.12 Merck 683
- 12.4.13 Ossila Limited 684
- 12.4.14 Paragraf Ltd. 686
- 12.4.15 Planartech LLC 687
- 12.4.16 Rusgraphene 688
- 12.4.17 Smart Elements GmbH 688
- 12.4.18 SPI Supplies 689
- 12.4.19 XlynX Materials Inc. 689

13 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 691

13.1 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 691

14 REFERENCES 694

List of Tables

Table 1. Graphene commercial market developments 2020-2022. 39
Table 2. Graphene funding and investments 2020-2022. 43
Table 3. Publicly listed graphene companies. 46
Table 4. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell to. 47
Table 5. Demand for graphene (tons), 2018-2032. 50
Table 6. Main graphene producers in North America. 58
Table 7. Main graphene producers in Europe. 60
Table 8. Commercial products incorporating graphene. 62
Table 9. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets. 65
Table 10. Graphene market challenges. 72
Table 11. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 75
Table 12. Applications of GO and rGO. 80
Table 13. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 83
Table 14. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 86
Table 15. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 87
Table 16. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics. 88
Table 17. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion. 89
Table 18. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors. 90
Table 19. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences. 91
Table 20. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics. 92
Table 21. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots. 93
Table 22. Prices for graphene quantum dots. 95
Table 23. Assessment of graphene production methods. 102
Table 24. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Europe. 105
Table 25. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in North America. 106
Table 26. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Asia-Pacific. 107
Table 27. Accumulated number of patent publications for graphene, 2004-2019. 110
Table 28. Demand for graphene (tons), 2018-2032. 112
Table 29. Graphene oxide production capacity by producer, 2014-2022. 114
Table 30. Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by producer, 2010-2022. 116
Table 31. CVD graphene film capacity by producer, 2014-2022 in 000s m2. 117
Table 32. Types of graphene and typical prices. 121
Table 33. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer. 124
Table 34. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer. 125
Table 35. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer. 125
Table 36. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer. 126
Table 37. Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer. 128
Table 38. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer. 129
Table 39. Graphene ink pricing by producer. 130
Table 40. Market overview for graphene in 3D printing. 131
Table 41. Market outlook for graphene in 3D printing. 131
Table 42. Market and applications for graphene in 3D printing. 132
Table 43. Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2032. 135
Table 44. Product developers in graphene 3D printing. 137
Table 45. Market overview for graphene in adhesives. 139
Table 46. Market outlook for graphene in adhesives. 140
Table 47. Market and applications for graphene in adhesives. 140
Table 48. Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2032. 143
Table 49. Product developers in graphene adhesives. 144
Table 50. Market overview for graphene in aerospace. 146
Table 51. Scorecard for graphene in aerospace. 146
Table 52. Market and applications for graphene in aerospace. 147
Table 53: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030. 150
Table 54: Product developers in graphene for aerospace. 151
Table 55. Market overview for graphene in the automotive market. 155
Table 56. Market outlook for graphene in automotive. 155
Table 57. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 156
Table 58. Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2032. 159
Table 59. Product developers in the graphene automotive market. 160
Table 60. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries. 164
Table 61. Market overview for graphene in batteries. 169
Table 62. Market outlook for graphene in batteries. 170
Table 63. Market drivers for use of nanomaterials in batteries. 170
Table 64. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof. 173
Table 65. Market and applications for graphene in batteries. 173
Table 66. Estimated demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2032. 178
Table 67. Product developers in graphene batteries. 179
Table 68. Market overview for graphene in composites. 185
Table 69. Market outlook for graphene in fiber-based polymer composite parts. 185
Table 70. Market and applications for graphene in fiber-based composite parts. 186
Table 71. Market and applications for graphene in metal matrix composites. 190
Table 72. Global market for graphene in composites 2018-2032, tons. 191
Table 73. Product developers in graphene composites. 192
Table 74. Market overview for graphene in conductive inks. 198
Table 75. Market outlook for graphene in conductive inks. 198
Table 76. Market and applications for graphene in conductive inks. 199
Table 77. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 202
Table 78. Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2032. 203
Table 79. Product developers in graphene conductive inks. 205
Table 80. Market overview for graphene in construction and buildings. 208
Table 81. Market outlook for graphene in construction. 208
Table 82. Graphene for cement. 209
Table 83. Graphene for asphalt bitumen. 211
Table 84. Demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2032. 213
Table 85: Graphene product developers in construction. 214
Table 86. Market overview for graphene in wearable electronics and displays. 217
Table 87. Market outlook for graphene in wearable electronics and displays. 218
Table 88. Market and applications for graphene in electronics. 218
Table 89. Comparison of ITO replacements. 220
Table 90. Demand for graphene in wearable, flexible and stretchable electronics, 2018-2032. 221
Table 91. Product developers in graphene-based electronics. 222
Table 92. Market overview for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 224
Table 93. Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors. 224
Table 94. Market outlook for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 224
Table 95. Market and applications for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 225
Table 96. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2032. 228
Table 97. Product developers in graphene transistors and integrated circuits. 229
Table 98. Market overview for graphene in memory devices. 231
Table 99. Market outlook for graphene in memory devices. 231
Table 100. Market and applications for graphene in memory devices. 232
Table 101. Demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2032. 233
Table 102. Product developers in graphene memory devices. 235
Table 103. Market overview for graphene in filtration. 236
Table 104. Market outlook for graphene in filtration. 236
Table 105. Market and applications for graphene in filtration. 237
Table 106. Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2032. 241
Table 107. Graphene companies in filtration. 243
Table 108. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells. 246
Table 109. Market outlook for graphene in fuel cells. 246
Table 110. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells. 247
Table 111. Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2032. 251
Table 112. Product developers in graphene fuel cells. 252
Table 113. Market overview for graphene in life sciences and medicine. 254
Table 114. Market outlook for graphene in drug delivery. 254
Table 115. Scorecard for graphene in imaging and diagnostics. 255
Table 116. Scorecard for graphene in medical implants. 255
Table 117. Scorecard for graphene in medical biosensors. 256
Table 118. Scorecard for graphene in woundcare. 257
Table 119. Market and applications for graphene in life sciences and medicine. 259
Table 120. Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2032. 263
Table 121. Product developers in graphene life sciences and biomedicine. 265
Table 122. Market overview for graphene in lighting. 269
Table 123. Market outlook for graphene in lighting. 269
Table 124. Market and applications for graphene in lighting. 270
Table 125. Demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2032. 272
Table 126. Product developers in graphene lighting. 273
Table 127. Market overview for graphene in lubricants. 275
Table 128. Nanomaterial lubricant products. 275
Table 129. Market outlook for graphene in lubricants. 276
Table 130. Market and applications for graphene in lubricants. 277
Table 131. Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2032. 279
Table 132. Product developers in graphene lubricants. 280
Table 133. Market overview for graphene in oil and gas. 283
Table 134. Market outlook for graphene in oil and gas. 283
Table 135. Market and applications for graphene in oil and gas. 284
Table 136. Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2032. 286
Table 137. Product developers in graphene oil and gas. 287
Table 138. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings. 289
Table 139. Market outlook for graphene in paints and coatings. 289
Table 140. Market and applications for graphene in paints and coatings. 290
Table 141. Demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2032. 293
Table 142. Product developers in graphene paints and coatings. 295
Table 143. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings. 300
Table 144. Market outlook for graphene in photonics. 300
Table 145. Market and applications for graphene in photonics. 301
Table 146. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2032. 304
Table 147. Product developers in graphene photonics. 306
Table 148. Market overview for graphene in photovoltaics. 307
Table 149. Market outlook for graphene in photovoltaics. 308
Table 150. Market and applications for graphene in photovoltaics. 308
Table 151. Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2032. 311
Table 152. Product developers in graphene solar. 312
Table 153. Market overview for graphene in rubber and tires. 314
Table 154. Market outlook for graphene in rubber and tires. 314
Table 155. Market and applications for graphene in rubber and tires. 315
Table 156. Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2032. 318
Table 157. Product developers in rubber and tires. 320
Table 158. Market overview for graphene in sensors. 323
Table 159. Market outlook for graphene in sensors. 324
Table 160. Market and applications for graphene in sensors. 324
Table 161. Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2032. 328
Table 162. Product developers in graphene sensors. 330
Table 163. Market overview for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 334
Table 164. Market outlook for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 334
Table 165. Market and applications for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 335
Table 166. Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2032. 340
Table 167. Graphene product developers in smart textiles and apparel. 341
Table 168. Market overview for graphene in supercapacitors. 346
Table 169. Market outlook for graphene in supercapacitors. 346
Table 170: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 347
Table 171. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors. 347
Table 172. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2032. 350
Table 173. Product developers in graphene supercapacitors. 351
Table 174. Graphene audio equipment producers and products. 354
Table 175. Graphene sporting goods producers and products. 355
Table 176. Graphene producers and types produced. 356
Table 177. Graphene producers target market matrix. 360
Table 178. Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix. 363
Table 179. Performance criteria of energy storage devices. 606
Table 180. 2D materials types. 627
Table 181. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 628
Table 182. Comparison of top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials. 630
Table 183. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials. 633
Table 184. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 635
Table 185. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 649
Table 186. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene. 656
Table 187. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs 659
Table 188. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene. 668
Table 189. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples. 692

List of Figures

Figure 1. Demand for graphene, by market, 2021. 38
Figure 2. Demand for graphene, 2018-2032, tons. 51
Figure 3. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2032 (tons), conservative estimate. 52
Figure 4. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2032 (tons). Medium estimate. 53
Figure 5. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2032 (tons). High estimate. 54
Figure 6. Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2021. 55
Figure 7. Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2021. 56
Figure 8. Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific. 57
Figure 9. Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2021. 59
Figure 10. Demand for graphene in Europe, by market, 2021. 61
Figure 11. Graphene layer structure schematic. 74
Figure 12. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG. 74
Figure 13. Graphite and graphene. 75
Figure 14. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 77
Figure 15. Types of CVD methods. 78
Figure 16. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite. 80
Figure 17. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 82
Figure 18. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). 82
Figure 19. Graphene quantum dots. 85
Figure 20. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods. 86
Figure 21. Revenues for graphene quantum dots 2019-2032, millions USD 94
Figure 22. Fabrication methods of graphene. 98
Figure 23. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF. 99
Figure 24. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd. 100
Figure 25. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods. 101
Figure 26. Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2019. 111
Figure 27. Demand for graphene, 2018-2032, tons. 113
Figure 28. CVD Graphene on Cu Foil. 123
Figure 29. Applications of graphene in 3D printing. 135
Figure 30. Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2032. 136
Figure 31. CNCTArch lightweight mounting for digital signalling. 137
Figure 32. Applications of graphene in adhesives. 143
Figure 33. Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2032. 144
Figure 34. Graphene Adhesives. 145
Figure 35. Applications of graphene in aerospace. 150
Figure 36: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2032. 151
Figure 37. Orbex Prime rocket. 151
Figure 38: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargo container. 152
Figure 39: Graphene aircraft. 152
Figure 40. Summary of graphene in automobiles. 155
Figure 41. Applications of graphene in automotive. 158
Figure 42. Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2032. 160
Figure 43. Supercar incorporating graphene. 160
Figure 44. Graphene anti-corrosion primer. 162
Figure 45. Graphene-R Brake pads. 162
Figure 46. Antistatic graphene tire. 162
Figure 47. Graphene engine oil additives. 163
Figure 48. Annual cobalt demand for electric vehicle batteries to 2031. 166
Figure 49. Annual lithium demand for electric vehicle batteries to 2031. 167
Figure 50. Costs of batteries to 2031. 169
Figure 51. Applications of graphene in batteries. 177
Figure 52. Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2032. 178
Figure 53. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank. 180
Figure 54. Exide Graphene Lead Acid Battery. 180
Figure 55. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries. 181
Figure 56. Real Graphene Powerbank. 183
Figure 57. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH. 184
Figure 58. Applications of graphene in composites. 189
Figure 59. Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2032. 192
Figure 60. Graphene bike. 193
Figure 61. Graphene lacrosse equipment. 194
Figure 62. Graphene-based suitcase made from recycled plastic. 194
Figure 63. Aros Create. 195
Figure 64. Grays graphene hockey sticks. 197
Figure 65. Applications of graphene in conductive inks. 203
Figure 66. Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2032. 204
Figure 67. BGT Materials graphene ink product. 205
Figure 68. Printed graphene conductive ink. 206
Figure 69. Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink. 206
Figure 70. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete. 209
Figure 71. Demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2032. 214
Figure 72. Graphene asphalt additives. 215
Figure 73. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus. 215
Figure 74. Demand for graphene in wearable, flexible and stretchable electronics, 2018-2032. 222
Figure 75. Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application. 222
Figure 76. Applications of graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 227
Figure 77. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2032. 229
Figure 78. Graphene IC in wafer tester. 229
Figure 79. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right). 230
Figure 80. Demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2032. 234
Figure 81. Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random-access memory (RRAM). 235
Figure 82. Applications of graphene in filtration. 241
Figure 83. Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2032. 242
Figure 84. Graphene anti-smog mask. 243
Figure 85. Graphene filtration membrane. 244
Figure 86. Graphene water filer cartridge. 244
Figure 87. Applications of graphene in fuel cells. 250
Figure 88. Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2032. 251
Figure 89. Graphene-based E-skin patch. 253
Figure 90. Flexible and transparent bracelet that uses graphene to measure heart rate, respiration rate etc. 258
Figure 91. Applications of graphene in life sciences and medicine 263
Figure 92. Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2032. 264
Figure 93. Graphene medical biosensors for wound healing. 266
Figure 94. Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel. 266
Figure 95. GraphWear wearable sweat sensor. 267
Figure 96. BioStamp nPoint. 268
Figure 97. Applications of graphene in lighting. 272
Figure 98. Demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2032. 273
Figure 99. Graphene LED bulbs. 274
Figure 100. Applications of graphene in lubricants. 279
Figure 101. Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2032. 280
Figure 102. Tricolit spray coating. 281
Figure 103. Graphenoil products. 281
Figure 104. Applications of graphene in oil and gas. 286
Figure 105. Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2032. 287
Figure 106. Directa Plus Grafysorber. 288
Figure 107. Applications of graphene in paints and coatings. 293
Figure 108. Demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2032. 294
Figure 109. Cryorig CPU cooling system with graphene coating. 295
Figure 110. Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate. 296
Figure 111. 23303 ZINCTON GNC graphene paint. 297
Figure 112. Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand. 297
Figure 113. Scania Truck head lamp brackets ACT chamber 6 weeks, equivalent to 3y field use. Piece treated with GO to the left together with different non-GO coatings. 298
Figure 114. Schematic of graphene heat film. 299
Figure 115. Applications of graphene in photonics. 304
Figure 116. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2032. 305
Figure 117. All-graphene optical communication link demonstrator operating at a data rate of 25 Gb/s per channel. 306
Figure 118. Applications of graphene in photovoltaics. 311
Figure 119. Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2032. 312
Figure 120. Graphene coated glass. 313
Figure 121. Applications of graphene in rubber and tires. 318
Figure 122. Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2032. 319
Figure 123. Eagle F1 graphene tire. 320
Figure 124. Graphene floor mats. 321
Figure 125. Vittoria Corsa G+ tire. 321
Figure 126. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring. 323
Figure 127. Applications of graphene in sensors. 328
Figure 128. Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2032. 329
Figure 129. AGILE R100 system. 330
Figure 130. Graphene fully packaged linear array detector. 331
Figure 131. GFET sensors. 331
Figure 132. Graphene is used to increase sensitivity to middle-infrared light. 333
Figure 133. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 339
Figure 134. Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2032. 340
Figure 135. 878 Project One jacket display. 341
Figure 136. Colmar graphene ski jacket. 342
Figure 137. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing. 342
Figure 138. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey. 343
Figure 139. Inov-8 graphene shoes. 343
Figure 140. Graphene Functional Membranes - UniTran GM. 344
Figure 141. Graphene jacket. 345
Figure 142. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors. 350
Figure 143. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2032. 351
Figure 144. KEPCO’s graphene supercapacitors. 352
Figure 145. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor. 353
Figure 146. Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger. 353
Figure 147. Callaway Chrome Soft golf and Chrome Soft X golf balls. 355
Figure 148. Graphene heating films. 367
Figure 149. Graphene flake products. 373
Figure 150. AIKA Black-T. 376
Figure 151. Printed graphene biosensors. 385
Figure 152. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 403
Figure 153. Graphene battery schematic. 428
Figure 154. Dotz Nano GQD products. 430
Figure 155. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 436
Figure 156. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 447
Figure 157. Wearable sweat sensor. 478
Figure 158. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 485
Figure 159. Sensor surface. 500
Figure 160. BioStamp nPoint. 517
Figure 161. Nanotech Energy battery. 536
Figure 162. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 538
Figure 163. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 539
Figure 164. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 540
Figure 165. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 541
Figure 166. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445. 554
Figure 167. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 556
Figure 168. The Sixth Element graphene products. 569
Figure 169. Thermal conductive graphene film. 570
Figure 170. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 581
Figure 171. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO. 584
Figure 172. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions. 625
Figure 173. Schematic of 2-D materials. 627
Figure 174. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method. 631
Figure 175. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method 632
Figure 176. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 634
Figure 177. BN nanosheet textiles application. 637
Figure 178. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx. 638
Figure 179. Types and applications of 2D TMDCs. 641
Figure 180. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 642
Figure 181. SEM image of MoS2. 642
Figure 182. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 644
Figure 183. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge. 645
Figure 184. Borophene schematic. 646
Figure 185. Black phosphorus structure. 648
Figure 186. Black Phosphorus crystal. 649
Figure 187. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation. 650
Figure 188: Graphitic carbon nitride. 653
Figure 189. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. 654
Figure 190. Schematic of germanene. 655
Figure 191. Graphdiyne structure. 658
Figure 192. Schematic of Graphane crystal. 661
Figure 193. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide. 663
Figure 194. Silicene structure. 664
Figure 195. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate. 665
Figure 196. Silicene transistor. 665
Figure 197. Crystal structure for stanene. 667
Figure 198. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111). 668
Figure 199. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 670
Figure 200. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor. 672
Figure 201. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 681

The Global Graphene Market Report 2022

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