Latest revision: June 2017. Published by Future Markets, Inc.
Future Markets has published a market report on graphene since 2010 and is uniquely positioned to provide the most in-depth study on these remarkable materials, their applications and markets.
The Graphene Report is the most comprehensive analysis of the market and commercial opportunities for these remarkable materials currently available. The graphene market continues to expand in 2017, with weekly announcements on new multi-million dollar investments, new products (especially in the Asia market) and innovative production processes. A growing number of products are integrating graphene across a range of markets including consumer electronic devices, wearables, flexible RF devices, supercapacitors, conductive inks, sensors and coatings. Access to a downloadable PDF (updated monthly) and online content below requires a Gold Subscription to Graphene Magazine.
Contents (Click on chapter title to access)
1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………. 40
1.1 Applications assessment…………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
1.1 Market opportunity analysis………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
1.2 Market challenges rating system……………………………………………………………………………….. 42
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………………… 45
2.1 Two-dimensional (2D) materials……………………………………………………………………………….. 45
2.2 Graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45
2.2.1 The market in 2016……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
2.2.2 Products………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46
2.2.3 Short-term opportunities………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
2.2.4 Medium-term opportunities……………………………………………………………………………………. 48
2.2.5 Remarkable properties………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
2.2.6 Global funding and initiatives………………………………………………………………………………… 56
2.2.6.1 Europe…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56
2.2.6.2 Asia……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56
2.2.6.3 United States…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 57
2.2.7 Products and applications…………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
2.2.8 Production……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59
2.2.9 Market drivers and trends……………………………………………………………………………………… 61
2.2.9.1 Production exceeds demand………………………………………………………………………… 61
2.2.9.2 Market revenues remain small……………………………………………………………………… 61
2.2.9.3 Scalability and cost……………………………………………………………………………………….. 62
2.2.9.4 Applications hitting the market………………………………………………………………………. 63
2.2.9.5 Wait and see?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
2.2.9.6 Asia and US lead the race…………………………………………………………………………….. 64
2.2.9.7 China commercializing at a fast rate…………………………………………………………….. 64
2.2.9.8 Competition from other materials………………………………………………………………….. 65
2.2.10 Market and technical challenges………………………………………………………………………. 65
2.2.10.1 Inconsistent supply quality……………………………………………………………………………. 65
2.2.10.2 Functionalization and dispersion………………………………………………………………….. 66
2.2.10.3 Cost……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
2.2.10.4 Product integration………………………………………………………………………………………… 66
2.2.10.5 Regulation and standards…………………………………………………………………………….. 67
2.2.10.6 Lack of a band gap……………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
3 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS…………………………………………… 68
3.1 Categorization…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 69
4 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE………………………………………………………….. 71
4.1 History……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
4.2 Forms of graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 72
4.3 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
4.4 3D Graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
4.5 Graphene Quantum Dots…………………………………………………………………………………………… 75
4.5.1 Synthesis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 76
4.5.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77
4.5.2.1 Optoelectronics, electronics and photonics………………………………………………….. 77
4.5.2.2 Energy…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77
4.5.2.3 Biomedicine and healthcare…………………………………………………………………………. 78
4.5.2.4 Other……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78
4.5.2.5 Pricing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79
4.5.3 Producers………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 79
5 CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE…………………………… 81
5.1 Comparative properties…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 82
5.2 Cost and production………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
5.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids…………………………………………………………………………. 84
5.4 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene……………………………………….. 85
6 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS……………………………………………………………….. 86
6.1 Black phosphorus/Phosphorene……………………………………………………………………………….. 87
6.1.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 88
6.1.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 89
6.2 C2N…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 90
6.2.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 91
6.2.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 91
6.3 Carbon nitride……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 91
6.3.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 91
6.3.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 92
6.4 Germanene……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
6.4.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 93
6.4.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 93
6.5 Graphdiyne………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 93
6.5.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 94
6.5.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 95
6.6 Graphane…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 95
6.6.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 96
6.6.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96
6.7 Hexagonal boron nitride……………………………………………………………………………………………. 97
6.7.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 98
6.7.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 99
6.7.3 Producers………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 99
6.8 Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)……………………………………………………………………………………. 99
6.8.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100
6.8.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100
6.9 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2)……………………………………………….. 103
6.9.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 103
6.9.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 104
6.10 Silicene……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 104
6.10.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 105
6.10.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 105
6.11 Stanene/tinene………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 107
6.11.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 108
6.11.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 108
6.12 Tungsten diselenide………………………………………………………………………………………………… 109
6.12.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 109
6.12.2 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
6.13 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials………………………….. 111
7 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS……………………………………………………………. 113
8 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION 135
9 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS…………………………………………… 139
9.1 Standards………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 139
9.2 Environmental, health and safety regulation…………………………………………………………… 139
9.2.1 Europe…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140
9.2.2 United States……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 140
9.2.3 Asia……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 140
9.3 Workplace exposure……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 141
10 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS………………………………………………… 142
10.1 Fabrication processes……………………………………………………………………………………………… 142
10.2 Academia………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 142
10.3 Regional leaders…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 143
11 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL………………………………………….. 147
12 GRAPHENE INDUSTRY NEWS 2013-2017………………………………… 149
13 END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS…………………………….. 191
13.1 Graphene production volumes 2010-2027……………………………………………………………… 191
13.2 Graphene pricing…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 192
13.3 Graphene producers and production capacities…………………………………………………….. 193
14 ADHESIVES…………………………………………………………………………………. 199
14.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 199
14.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 199
14.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………….. 201
14.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 204
14.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………………… 204
15 AEROSPACE……………………………………………………………………………….. 206
15.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 206
15.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 207
15.2.1 Composites……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 208
15.2.2 Coatings………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 208
15.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORUNTIY…………………………………………………………. 210
15.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 213
15.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………………… 214
16 AUTOMOTIVE………………………………………………………………………………. 216
16.1 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………… 216
16.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 217
16.2.1 Composites……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 218
16.2.2 Thermally conductive additives………………………………………………………………………. 219
16.2.3 Tires………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 219
16.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………….. 221
16.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 224
16.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………………… 226
17 LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICAL…………………………………………………. 228
17.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 229
17.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 230
17.2.1 Cancer therapy……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 234
17.2.1.1 Graphene oxide for therapy and drug delivery…………………………………………… 234
17.2.1.2 Graphene nanosheets………………………………………………………………………………… 234
17.2.1.3 Gene delivery……………………………………………………………………………………………… 234
17.2.1.4 Photodynamic Therapy……………………………………………………………………………….. 234
17.2.2 Medical implants and devices…………………………………………………………………………. 235
17.2.3 Wound dressings…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 235
17.2.4 Biosensors………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 236
17.2.4.1 FRET biosensors for DNA detection…………………………………………………………… 237
17.2.5 Medical imaging……………………………………………………………………………………………… 237
17.2.6 Tissue engineering…………………………………………………………………………………………. 238
17.2.7 Dental……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 238
17.2.8 Electrophysiology……………………………………………………………………………………………. 238
17.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………….. 238
17.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 242
17.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………………… 245
18 COATINGS……………………………………………………………………………………. 247
18.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 247
18.1.1 New functionalities and improved properties………………………………………………….. 248
18.1.2 Need for more effective protection………………………………………………………………….. 249
18.1.3 Sustainability and regulation…………………………………………………………………………… 250
18.1.4 Cost of corrosion……………………………………………………………………………………………… 250
18.1.5 Need for improved hygiene…………………………………………………………………………….. 251
18.1.6 Cost of weather-related damage…………………………………………………………………….. 251
18.1.7 Increased demand for coatings for extreme environments…………………………….. 252
18.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 252
18.2.1 Anti-corrosion coatings……………………………………………………………………………………. 254
18.2.1.1 Marine…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 255
18.2.2 Anti-microbial………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 255
18.2.3 Anti-icing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 256
18.2.4 Barrier coatings……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 257
18.2.5 Heat protection………………………………………………………………………………………………… 258
18.2.6 Anti-fouling………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 259
18.2.7 Wear and abrasion resistance………………………………………………………………………… 260
18.2.8 Smart windows………………………………………………………………………………………………… 261
18.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………….. 261
18.3.1 Thermal barrier coatings…………………………………………………………………………………. 266
18.3.2 Barrier coatings……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 266
18.3.3 Anti-microbial coatings……………………………………………………………………………………. 266
18.3.4 De-icing or anti-icing coatings………………………………………………………………………… 266
18.3.5 Abrasion and wear resistant coatings…………………………………………………………….. 266
18.3.6 Anti-corrosion coatings……………………………………………………………………………………. 267
18.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 269
18.4.1 Dispersion……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 269
18.4.2 Production, scalability and cost………………………………………………………………………. 269
18.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………………… 270
19 COMPOSITES INCLUDING THERMOPLASTICS AND RUBBER 271
19.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 272
19.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 274
19.2.1 Polymer composites………………………………………………………………………………………… 275
19.2.2 Barrier packaging……………………………………………………………………………………………. 278
19.2.3 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding 278
19.2.4 Wind turbines………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 278
19.2.5 Ballistic protection…………………………………………………………………………………………… 279
19.2.6 Cement additives…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 279
19.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………….. 279
19.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 283
19.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………………… 284
20 ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS……………………………………………… 287
20.1 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS, WEARABLES, CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS. 287
20.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………… 287
20.1.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………. 289
20.1.2.1 Transparent electrodes in flexible electronics…………………………………………….. 292
20.1.2.2 Electronic paper………………………………………………………………………………………….. 294
20.1.2.3 Wearable electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 294
20.1.2.4 Wearable sensors……………………………………………………………………………………….. 298
20.1.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………….. 303
20.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………… 310
20.1.4.1 Manufacturing……………………………………………………………………………………………… 311
20.1.4.2 Competing materials…………………………………………………………………………………… 311
20.1.4.3 Cost in comparison to ITO…………………………………………………………………………… 311
20.1.4.4 Problems with transfer and growth……………………………………………………………… 311
20.1.4.5 Improving sheet resistance…………………………………………………………………………. 312
20.1.4.6 Difficulties in display panel integration……………………………………………………….. 313
20.1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………… 314
20.2 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS……………………………………………………… 315
20.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………… 315
20.2.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………. 317
20.2.2.1 Integrated circuits………………………………………………………………………………………… 317
20.2.2.2 Transistors…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 319
20.2.2.3 Graphene Radio Frequency (RF) circuits…………………………………………………… 319
20.2.2.4 Graphene spintronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 320
20.2.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………….. 321
20.2.4 MARKET CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………… 324
20.2.4.1 Competition from other materials………………………………………………………………… 324
20.2.4.2 Lack of band gap………………………………………………………………………………………… 324
20.2.4.3 Transfer and integration……………………………………………………………………………… 325
20.2.4.4 Contact resistance………………………………………………………………………………………. 325
20.2.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………… 326
20.3 MEMORY DEVICES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 328
20.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………… 328
20.3.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………. 329
20.3.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………….. 331
20.3.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………… 332
20.3.5 MARKET CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………… 333
20.4 PHOTONICS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 333
20.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………… 334
20.4.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………. 334
20.4.2.1 Si photonics versus graphene…………………………………………………………………….. 334
20.4.2.2 Optical modulators………………………………………………………………………………………. 335
20.4.2.3 Photodetectors……………………………………………………………………………………………. 336
20.4.2.4 Saturable absorbers……………………………………………………………………………………. 338
20.4.2.5 Plasmonics………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 338
20.4.2.6 Fiber lasers…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 338
20.4.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………………. 339
20.4.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………… 340
20.4.5 MARKET CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………… 340
20.4.5.1 Need to design devices that harness graphene’s properties……………………… 340
20.4.5.2 Problems with transfer………………………………………………………………………………… 340
20.4.5.3 THz absorbance and nonlinearity………………………………………………………………. 341
20.4.5.4 Stability and sensitivity………………………………………………………………………………… 341
21 ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION………. 342
21.1 BATTERIES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 343
21.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………… 343
21.1.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………. 345
21.1.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)…………………………………………………………………………… 345
21.1.2.2 Lithium-air batteries…………………………………………………………………………………….. 346
21.1.2.3 Lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S)……………………………………………………………………. 346
21.1.2.4 Sodium-ion batteries…………………………………………………………………………………… 347
21.1.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………….. 347
21.1.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………… 351
21.1.5 MARKET CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………… 355
21.2 SUPERCAPACITORS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 355
21.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………… 356
21.2.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………. 356
21.2.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………….. 359
21.2.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………… 361
21.2.5 MARKET CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………… 362
21.2.5.1 Low energy storage capacity of graphene………………………………………………….. 362
21.3 PHOTOVOLTAICS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 363
21.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………… 363
21.3.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………. 365
21.3.2.1 ITO replacement………………………………………………………………………………………….. 365
21.3.2.2 Graphene–silicon (Gr–Si) Schottky junction solar cells……………………………… 366
21.3.2.3 Halide perovskites/graphene hybrids…………………………………………………………. 366
21.3.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………….. 366
21.3.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………… 369
21.3.5 MARKET CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………… 370
21.4 FUEL CELLS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 371
21.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………… 371
21.4.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………. 373
21.4.2.1 Electrocatalyst supports………………………………………………………………………………. 373
21.4.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND GRAPHENE OPPORTUNITY………………………….. 374
21.4.3.1 Graphene opportunity…………………………………………………………………………………. 375
21.4.4 MARKET CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………… 376
21.4.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………… 376
21.5 LED LIGHTING AND UVC……………………………………………………………………………………….. 377
21.5.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………… 377
21.5.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………. 378
21.5.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………….. 378
21.5.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………… 378
21.6 OIL AND GAS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 379
21.6.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………… 379
21.6.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………. 380
21.6.2.1 Sensing and reservoir management…………………………………………………………… 380
21.6.2.2 Coatings……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 381
21.6.2.3 Drilling fluids……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 383
21.6.2.4 Sorbent materials………………………………………………………………………………………… 384
21.6.2.5 Catalysts……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 384
21.6.2.6 Separation…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 384
21.6.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………….. 385
21.6.4 MARKET CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………… 386
21.6.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………… 387
22 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION……………………………………………….. 388
22.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 388
22.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 390
22.2.1 Water filtration…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 392
22.2.2 Gas separation………………………………………………………………………………………………… 392
22.2.3 Photocatalytic absorbents……………………………………………………………………………….. 393
22.2.4 Air filtration………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 393
22.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………….. 394
22.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 396
22.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………………… 397
23 LUBRICANTS………………………………………………………………………………. 398
23.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 399
23.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 399
23.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………….. 400
23.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 401
23.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………………… 402
24 SENSORS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 402
24.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 403
24.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 404
24.2.1 Infrared (IR) sensors……………………………………………………………………………………….. 406
24.2.2 Electrochemical and gas sensors…………………………………………………………………… 406
24.2.2.1 Graphene foam…………………………………………………………………………………………… 407
24.2.3 Pressure sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 407
24.2.4 Biosensors………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 408
24.2.5 Optical sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 410
24.2.6 Humidity sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 411
24.2.7 Strain sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 411
24.2.8 Acoustic sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………… 411
24.2.9 Wireless sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 411
24.2.10 Surface enhanced Raman scattering……………………………………………………………… 411
24.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………….. 412
24.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 414
24.4.1 Selectivity………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 414
24.4.2 Scaling and manufacturing……………………………………………………………………………… 415
24.4.3 Sensor recovery………………………………………………………………………………………………. 415
24.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………………… 415
25 SMART TEXTILES AND APPAREL……………………………………………. 418
25.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 418
25.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS……………………………………………………………………….. 421
25.2.1 Conductive coatings……………………………………………………………………………………….. 422
25.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………….. 423
25.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………………… 427
26 CONDUCTIVE INKS…………………………………………………………………….. 428
26.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 428
26.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 429
26.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………….. 431
26.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………………… 436
27 3D PRINTING……………………………………………………………………………….. 437
27.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 438
27.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 438
27.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………….. 440
27.4 CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 441
27.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………………………… 441
28 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS…………………………………………………………. 443
29 GRAPHENE PRODUCT AND APPLICATION DEVELOPERS…… 516