The Global Market for Graphene

There are over 200 companies globally producing graphene materials or developing products incorporating graphene and this number is growing as OEMs witness the benefits offered by graphene. Recent product launches include graphene-based bicycle and automotive tires, sportswear, concrete, thermal coatings, smart phone batteries, supercapacitors, water filtration membranes and composites. Significant commercial benefits have been achieved by using a small amount of graphene including cost savings, thermal dissipation qualities, lightweighting and noise reduction.

Major corporations including Ford (automotive composites) and Huawei (cooling films for smartphones) have integrated graphene into their products. Ford are the first mass-market automotive company to use graphene in an everyday vehicle – the F150 pick-up truck.

Now in it’s 26th edition (first published 2009), The Global Market for Graphene provides a complete analysis for the market for these exceptional materials, including competition, production, revenues, markets, applications, producers and product developers.

Published: December 2019 | Pages: 627 pages | 298 tables, 179 figures | Price: £1000 | Table of contents

Report contents include:

Commercialized graphene products.
Graphene Quantum Dots.
Demand for graphene by market.
Global production capacities-historical, current and forecast to 2030.
Market segmentation by graphene type.
Stage of commercialization for graphene applications, from basic research to market entry.
Market drivers, trends and challenges, by end user markets.
Competitive landscape of graphene among other carbon-based additives (MWCNT, SWCNT, Carbon Fibers, Carbon Black, etc.)
In-depth market assessment of opportunities for graphene including tonnage demand by market, growth rates, pricing, most likely applications and market challenges.
Market demand in tonnes, USD, CAGR 2018-2030
In-depth company profiles, including products, capacities, and commercial activities.
Detailed forecasts for key growth areas, opportunities and user demand.
Assessment of applications for other 2D materials.
Over 200 company profiles including production, products, target markets.
Data on addressable markets for graphene (revenues), relevant applications, graphene technology fit and competition from other materials.
New information on demand by regional market.
Latest product and investment news.
Commercial production capacities by company, and by year, for Graphene Oxide, Graphene Nanolatelets and CVD Graphene in tons and m²
Industrial collaborations and licence agreements
Markets targeted, by product developers and end users
Types of graphene produced, by producer
Graphene applications by industry, material, and product
Over 200 company profiles including Applied Graphene Materials plc, Bonbouton, Carbon Gates Technologies LLC, Carbon Waters, Directa Plus plc, Dotz Nano Ltd., First Graphene Ltd, Grafoid, Inc., Gratomic, Inc., Graphenall Co., Ltd., Graphenea Nanomaterials, Gratomic, Inc., Grolltex, Inc., Haydale Limited, Paragraf Ltd., The Sixth Element (Changzhou) Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Skeleton Technologies OÜ, Standard Graphene, Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd., Versarien plc., ZEN Graphene Solutions Ltd. etc

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41

2.1 The global market for graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43
2.2 Market review 2019………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 45
2.3 Graphene demand in tons……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45
2.4 Commercially available graphene products………………………………………………………………………………… 46
2.5 Graphene investments, funding and collaborations………………………………………………………………………. 49
2.6 The graphene market opportunity…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 54
2.7 Global production capacities 2019……………………………………………………………………………………………. 59
2.8 Market drivers and trends in graphene………………………………………………………………………………………. 61
2.9 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62
2.10 Global demand for graphene by region to 2030………………………………………………………………………. 64

3 GRAPHENE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 72

3.1 History……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 72
3.2 Types of graphene……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
3.3 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 73
3.4 Comparative properties with other carbon materials…………………………………………………………………….. 74
- 3.4.1 Cost and production……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 76
- 3.4.2 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids…………………………………………………………………………………. 77

4 GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79

4.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79
- 4.1.1 Carbon quantum dots……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 79
- 4.1.2 Graphene quantum dots………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79
4.2 Synthesis…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 81
- 4.2.1 Recent synthesis methods……………………………………………………………………………………………… 82
4.3 Markets………………………………………………………………………… 84
- 4.3.1 Optoelectronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 84
- 4.3.2 Photocatalysis…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 84
- 4.3.3 Batteries……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 85
- 4.3.4 Fuel cells……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86
- 4.3.5 Photovoltaics………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86
- 4.3.6 Biomedicine and life sciences…………………………………………………………………………………………. 87
- 4.3.7 Anti-counterfeiting………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
- 4.3.8 Detergents…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 88
4.4 Market and technology challenges…………………………………………………………………………… 89
4.5 Technology readiness level (TRL)……………………………………………………………………………….. 90
4.6 Production of graphene quantum dots…………………………………………………………………….. 91
- 4.6.1 Current and projected volumes……………………………………………………………………………………….. 91
- 4.6.2 Prices……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 91
4.7 Graphene quantum dot producers……………………………………………………………… 92

5 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 96

5.1 BOROPHENE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 98
- 5.1.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 98
- 5.1.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 99
5.2 PHOSPHORENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 99
- 5.2.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100
  - 5.2.1.1 Fabrication methods……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 101
  - 5.2.1.2 Challenges for the use of phosphorene in devices…………………………………………………………. 101
- 5.2.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 102
  - 5.2.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 102
  - 5.2.2.2 Batteries………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 102
  - 5.2.2.3 Photodetectors………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 103
  - 5.2.2.4 Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 103
- 5.2.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………………………… 104
5.3 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4)……………………………………………………………………………….. 104
- 5.3.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 104
- 5.3.2 Synthesis…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
- 5.3.3 C₂N…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
- 5.3.4 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
  - 5.3.4.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
  - 5.3.4.2 Filtration membranes………………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
  - 5.3.4.3 Photocatalysts………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
  - 5.3.4.4 Batteries (LIBs)……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 106
  - 5.3.4.5 Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 106
- 5.3.5 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………………………… 106
5.4 GERMANENE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 106
- 5.4.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 107
- 5.4.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 107
  - 5.4.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 107
  - 5.4.2.2 Batteries………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 107
- 5.4.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………………………… 107
5.5 GRAPHDIYNE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 108
- 5.5.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 108
- 5.5.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 108
  - 5.5.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 108
  - 5.5.2.2 Batteries………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 108
  - 5.5.2.3 Separation membranes…………………………………………………………………………………………… 109
  - 5.5.2.4 Water filtration……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 109
  - 5.5.2.5 Photocatalysts………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 109
  - 5.5.2.6 Photovoltaics………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 109
- 5.5.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………………………… 110
5.6 GRAPHANE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
- 5.6.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 111
- 5.6.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 111
  - 5.6.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 111
  - 5.6.2.2 Hydrogen storage…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
- 5.6.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………………………… 111
5.7 HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE……………………………………………………………………………………………. 112
- 5.7.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 112
- 5.7.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 113
  - 5.7.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 113
  - 5.7.2.2 Fuel cells……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 113
  - 5.7.2.3 Adsorbents…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 113
  - 5.7.2.4 Photodetectors………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 113
  - 5.7.2.5 Textiles………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 113
  - 5.7.2.6 Biomedical……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 113
- 5.7.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………………………… 114
5.8 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS₂)……………………………………………………………………………………….. 114
- 5.8.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 115
- 5.8.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 115
  - 5.8.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 115
  - 5.8.2.2 Photovoltaics………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 116
  - 5.8.2.3 Piezoelectrics………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 116
  - 5.8.2.4 Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 116
  - 5.8.2.5 Filtration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 117
  - 5.8.2.6 Batteries………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 117
  - 5.8.2.7 Fiber lasers…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 117
- 5.8.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………………………… 117
5.9 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2)…………………………………………………………. 117
- 5.9.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 118
- 5.9.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 118
  - 5.9.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 118
- 5.9.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………………………… 118
5.10 SILICENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 119
- 5.10.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 119
- 5.10.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 120
  - 5.10.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 120
  - 5.10.2.2 Photovoltaics…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 120
  - 5.10.2.3 Thermoelectrics…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 120
  - 5.10.2.4 Batteries………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 120
  - 5.10.2.5 Sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 121
- 5.10.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………………………… 121
5.11 STANENE/TINENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 121
- 5.11.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 122
- 5.11.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 122
  - 5.11.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 122
- 5.11.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………………………… 122
5.12 TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 123
- 5.12.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 123
- 5.12.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 123
  - 5.12.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 123
- 5.12.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………………………… 124
5.13 ANTIMONENE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 124
- 5.13.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 124
- 5.13.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 124
5.14 DIAMENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 124
- 5.14.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 124
- 5.14.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 125
5.15 INDIUM SELENIDE………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 125
- 5.15.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 125
- 5.15.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 125
  - 5.15.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 125
5.16 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHENE AND OTHER 2D MATERIALS………………………………. 126

6 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 127

6.1 Large area graphene films……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 127
6.2 Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets……………………………………………………………………. 127
6.3 Production methods……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 128
6.4 Synthesis and production by types of graphene…………………………………………………………………………. 131
- 6.4.1 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)……………………………………………………………………………………. 131
- 6.4.2 Graphene nanoribbons………………………………………………………………………………………………… 131
- 6.4.3 Large-area graphene films……………………………………………………………………………………………. 132
- 6.4.4 Graphene oxide (GO)………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 133
6.5 Pros and cons of graphene production methods………………………………………………………………………… 134

7 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION……………………………….. 140

7.1 Commercialization route………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140
7.2 Market structure…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140
- 7.2.1 Graphite Ore Producers………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140
- 7.2.2 Tools and CVD equipment providers………………………………………………………………………………. 141
- 7.2.3 Research Labs………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 141
- 7.2.4 Graphene Manufacturers……………………………………………………………………………………………… 141
  - 7.2.4.1 Large Area Graphene Film Producers…………………………………………………………………………. 141
  - 7.2.4.2 Graphene Materials Producers………………………………………………………………………………….. 141
7.2.5 Intermediate component developers……………………………………………………………………………….. 141
7.2.6 Product developers/OEMs……………………………………………………………………………………………. 142

8 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 144

8.1 Standards…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 144
8.2 Environmental, health and safety regulation……………………………………………………………………………… 144
- 8.2.1 Europe…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 144
- 8.2.2 United States…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 145
- 8.2.3 Asia………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 145
8.3 Workplace exposure……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 145

9 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………. 147

9.1 Fabrication processes………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 147
9.2 Academia…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 147
9.3 Regional leaders………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 147
9.4 Patent publications 2004-2018………………………………………………………………………………………………. 147
9.5 Leading graphene patentees…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 148

10 GRAPHENE COMMERCIAL ROADMAP…………………………………………………………………………………….. 150

11 END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………………………. 152

11.1 Graphene production volumes 2010-2030……………………………………………………………………………. 152
11.2 Commercial production capacities……………………………………………………………………………………… 153
- 11.2.1 Graphene oxide production capacities…………………………………………………………………………….. 154
  - 11.2.1.1 By producer……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 154
  - 11.2.1.2 By region…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 154
- 11.2.2 Graphene nanoplatelets production capacities………………………………………………………………….. 155
  - 11.2.2.1 By producer……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 155
  - 11.2.2.2 Production capacity by region……………………………………………………………………………….. 156
- 11.2.3 CVD graphene film……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 157
  - 11.2.3.1 By producer……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 158
- 11.2.4 Planned graphene capacities 2018 onwards…………………………………………………………………….. 158
11.3 Graphene pricing……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 159
- 11.3.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing……………………………………………………………………………………. 160
- 11.3.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing…………………………………………………………………………………………. 160
- 11.3.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing…………………………………………………………………………………….. 161
- 11.3.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing………………………………………………………………………………….. 161
- 11.3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing……………………………………………………………………………………. 162
- 11.3.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing………………………………………………………………………………. 163
- 11.3.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing…………………………………………………………………………………. 163
11.4 Mass production challenges……………………………………………………………………………………………… 164
- 11.4.1 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials…………………………………………………………… 164
- 11.4.2 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce………………………………………………………………….. 164
- 11.4.3 Bulk supply……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 164
- 11.4.4 Commoditisation………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 165

12 3D PRINTING………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 166

12.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 166
12.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 166
12.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 167
12.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 168
12.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 170
12.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 172
12.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 172

13 ADHESIVES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 174

13.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 174
13.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 174
13.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 175
13.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 176
13.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 179
13.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 181
13.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 182

14 AVIATION AND AEROSPACE………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 182

14.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 182
14.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 183
14.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 184
- 14.3.1 Composites………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 184
- 14.3.2 Coatings…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 186
14.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 187
14.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 189
14.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 193
14.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 193

15 AUTOMOTIVE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 194

15.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 194
15.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 195
15.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 196
- 15.3.1 Composites………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 197
- 15.3.2 Thermally conductive additives……………………………………………………………………………………… 197
- 15.3.3 Tires……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 198
15.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 199
15.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 201
15.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 204
15.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 205

16 PAINTS AND COATINGS………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 206

16.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 206
16.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 210
16.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 210
- 16.3.1 Anti-corrosion coatings………………………………………………………………………………………………… 212
- 16.3.2 Anti-microbial…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 213
- 16.3.3 Anti-icing………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 213
- 16.3.4 Barrier coatings………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 214
- 16.3.5 Heat protection………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 215
- 16.3.6 Anti-fouling……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 216
- 16.3.7 Wear and abrasion resistance……………………………………………………………………………………….. 216
- 16.3.8 Smart windows………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 217
16.4 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 217
- 16.4.1 Thermal barrier coatings………………………………………………………………………………………………. 220
  - 16.4.1.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 220
- 16.4.2 Barrier coatings………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 223
  - 16.4.2.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 223
- 16.4.3 Anti-microbial coatings………………………………………………………………………………………………… 225
  - 16.4.3.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 226
- 16.4.4 De-icing or anti-icing coatings……………………………………………………………………………………….. 228
  - 16.4.4.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 228
- 16.4.5 Abrasion and wear resistant coatings……………………………………………………………………………… 231
  - 16.4.5.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 231
- 16.4.6 Anti-corrosion coatings………………………………………………………………………………………………… 233
  - 16.4.6.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 234
16.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 236
16.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 239
16.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 240

17 COMPOSITES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 241

17.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 242
17.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 243
17.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 244
- 17.3.1 Polymer composites……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 244
- 17.3.2 Barrier packaging……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 246
- 17.3.3 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding……………………….. 246
- 17.3.4 Wind turbines…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 246
- 17.3.5 Ballistic protection………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 247
17.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 247
17.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 249
17.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 253
17.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 254

18 CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND WEARABLE ELECTRONICS………………………………………………………………. 255

18.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 256
18.2 Conductive films…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 260
- 18.2.1 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 262
- 18.2.2 Electronic paper…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 263
18.3 Wearable electronics………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 263
- 18.3.1 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 265
18.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 269
18.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 274
18.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 278
18.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 280

19 CONDUCTIVE INKS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 281

19.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 281
19.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 282
19.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 283
- 19.3.1 RFID……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 285
- 19.3.2 Smart labels……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 287
- 19.3.3 Smart clothing……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 287
- 19.3.4 Printable sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 288
- 19.3.5 Printed batteries…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 288
- 19.3.6 Printable antennas……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 289
19.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 290
19.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 292
19.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 296
19.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 297

20 GRAPHENE TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS………………………………………………………….. 298

20.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 298
20.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 299
20.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 299
- 20.3.1 Integrated circuits……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 299
- 20.3.2 Flexible integrated circuits……………………………………………………………………………………………. 300
- 20.3.3 Transistors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 300
- 20.3.4 Graphene Radio Frequency (RF) circuits…………………………………………………………………………. 301
- 20.3.5 Other 2D transistors……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 301
- 20.3.6 Graphene spintronics………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 302
20.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 303
20.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 305
20.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 309
20.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 310

21 MEMORY DEVICES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 310

21.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 311
21.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 311
21.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 312
21.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 314
21.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………….. 317
21.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 319
21.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 319

22 PHOTONICS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 319

22.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 320
22.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 320
22.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 321
- 22.3.1 Si photonics versus graphene……………………………………………………………………………………….. 321
- 22.3.2 Optical modulators……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 321
- 22.3.3 Photodetectors………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 322
- 22.3.4 Saturable absorbers……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 323
- 22.3.5 Plasmonics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 323
- 22.3.6 Fiber lasers………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 324
22.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 324
22.5 Global market demand for graphene……………………. 327
22.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 328
22.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 329

23 BATTERIES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 329

23.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 330
23.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 333
23.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 334
- 23.3.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 334
- 23.3.2 Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries…………………………………………………………………………………. 334
- 23.3.3 Lithium-air batteries…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 334
- 23.3.4 Lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S)……………………………………………………………………………………….. 335
- 23.3.5 Sodium-ion batteries…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 335
- 23.3.6 Flexible and stretchable batteries…………………………………………………………………………………… 335
23.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 336
23.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 339
23.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 343
23.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 343

24 SUPERCAPACITORS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 346

24.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 346
24.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 346
24.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 347
24.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 350
24.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 353
24.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 355
24.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 356

25 SOLAR………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 357

25.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 357
25.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 358
25.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 358
- 25.3.1 ITO replacement………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 359
- 25.3.2 Graphene–silicon (Gr–Si) Schottky junction solar cells……………………………………………………….. 359
- 25.3.3 Halide perovskites/graphene hybrids………………………………………………………………………………. 360
- 25.3.4 Solar energy harvesting textiles…………………………………………………………………………………….. 360
25.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 361
25.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 363
25.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 366
25.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 367

26 FUEL CELLS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 367

26.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 367
26.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 369
26.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 369
26.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 370
26.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 373
26.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 375
26.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 375

27 LIGHTING…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 376

27.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 376
27.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 376
27.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 377
27.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 378
27.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 381
27.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 383
27.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 383

28 OIL AND GAS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 384

28.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 384
28.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 385
28.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 386
- 28.3.1 Sensing and reservoir management……………………………………………………………………………….. 386
- 28.3.2 Coatings…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 387
- 28.3.3 Drilling fluids……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 388
- 28.3.4 Sorbent materials……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 388
- 28.3.5 Catalysts………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 389
- 28.3.6 Separation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 389
28.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 390
28.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 392
28.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 395
28.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 396

29 FILTRATION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 396

29.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 396
29.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 398
29.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 399
- 29.3.1 Graphene membranes…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 399
- 29.3.2 Water filtration…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 400
- 29.3.3 Gas separation………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 400
- 29.3.4 Photocatalytic absorbents…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 400
- 29.3.5 Air filtration……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 401
29.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 401
29.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 404
29.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 407
29.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 407

30 LIFE SCIENCES AND BIOMEDICINE………………………………………………………………………………………… 409

30.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 410
30.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 411
30.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 412
- 30.3.1 Cancer therapy………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 415
  - 30.3.1.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 415
  - 30.3.1.2 Graphene oxide for therapy and drug delivery………………………………………………………….. 417
  - 30.3.1.3 Graphene nanosheets………………………………………………………………………………………… 418
- 30.3.2 Gene delivery……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 418
  - 30.3.2.1 Photodynamic Therapy……………………………………………………………………………………….. 418
- 30.3.3 Medical implants and devices……………………………………………………………………………………….. 418
  - 30.3.3.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 419
- 30.3.4 Wound dressings……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 421
  - 30.3.4.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 421
- 30.3.5 Biosensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 422
  - 30.3.5.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 422
  - 30.3.5.2 FRET biosensors for DNA detection………………………………………………………………………. 424
- 30.3.6 Medical imaging…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 424
  - 30.3.6.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 424
- 30.3.7 Tissue engineering……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 425
  - 30.3.7.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 425
- 30.3.8 Dental……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 426
  - 30.3.8.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 426
- 30.3.9 Electrophysiology……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 427
- 30.3.10 Wearable and mobile health monitoring………………………………………………………………………. 427
  - 30.3.10.1 Market assessment……………………………………………………………………………………………. 427
  - 30.3.10.2 Graphene devices……………………………………………………………………………………………… 429
  - 30.3.10.3 Patch-type skin sensors………………………………………………………………………………………. 431
  - 30.3.10.4 Skin temperature monitoring…………………………………………………………………………………. 432
  - 30.3.10.5 Hydration sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………. 433
  - 30.3.10.6 Wearable sweat sensors……………………………………………………………………………………… 433
  - 30.3.10.7 Smart footwear………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 435
30.4 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 435
30.5 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 438
30.6 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 440

31 LUBRICANTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 440

31.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 440
31.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 441
31.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 442
31.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 443
31.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 443
31.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 446
31.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 446

32 RUBBER AND TIRES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 447

32.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 447
32.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 447
32.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 448
32.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 448
32.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 449
32.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 451
32.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 452

33 SENSORS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 453

33.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 453
33.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 454
33.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 454
- 33.3.1 Infrared (IR) sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 457
- 33.3.2 Electrochemical and gas sensors…………………………………………………………………………………… 457
- 33.3.3 Graphene foam………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 457
- 33.3.4 Pressure sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 458
- 33.3.5 Biosensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 458
- 33.3.6 Optical sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 459
- 33.3.7 Humidity sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 459
- 33.3.8 Strain sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 460
- 33.3.9 Acoustic sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 460
- 33.3.10 Wireless sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 460
- 33.3.11 Surface enhanced Raman scattering………………………………………………………………………….. 460
33.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 460
33.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 461
33.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 464
33.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 465

34 SMART TEXTILES AND APPAREL…………………………………………………………………………………………… 466

34.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 467
34.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 469
34.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 470
- 34.3.1 Conductive coatings……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 473
- 34.3.2 Conductive yarns……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 474
- 34.3.3 Sportswear……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 475
- 34.3.4 Graphene sports and outdoor shoes……………………………………………………………………………….. 476
- 34.3.5 Safety boots……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 476
- 34.3.6 Industrial textiles………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 477
34.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 477
34.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 477
34.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 480
34.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 481

35 CONSTRUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 483

35.1 Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 483
35.2 Market overview…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 483
35.3 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 484
35.4 Market assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 484
35.5 Global market demand for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 485
35.6 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 486
35.7 Companies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 487

36 GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………….. 488

37 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 604

Tables

Table 1: Categorization of nanomaterials……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
Table 2: Demand for graphene (tons), 2010-2030……………………………………………………………………………………. 45
Table 3: Consumer products incorporating graphene………………………………………………………………………………… 47
Table 4: Graphene investments and financial agreements 2017-2019………………………………………………………….. 49
Table 5: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets……………………………………….. 50
Table 6: Graphene target markets-Applications and potential addressable market size…………………………………….. 54
Table 7: Market opportunity assessment matrix for graphene applications…………………………………………………….. 55
Table 8: Main graphene producers by country and annual production capacities 2019……………………………………… 59
Table 9. Market drivers and trends in graphene……………………………………………………………………………………….. 61
Table 10. Market challenges in graphene……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
Table 11: Properties of graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 74
Table 12: Comparative properties of carbon materials………………………………………………………………………………. 75
Table 13: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes……………………………………… 77
Table 14: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2030. 77
Table 15. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs……………………………………………………………….. 80
Table 16. Photoluminescent properties of GQDs……………………………………………………………………………………… 81
Table 17. Synthesis methods for graphene quantum dots………………………………………………………………………….. 81
Table 18. Recent synthesis methods for GQDs……………………………………………………………………………………….. 82
Table 19. Graphene Quantum Dots in optoelectronics………………………………………………………………………………. 84
Table 20. Graphene Quantum Dots in photocatalysis……………………………………………………………………………….. 84
Table 21. Graphene Quantum Dots in batteries……………………………………………………………………………………….. 85
Table 22. Graphene Quantum Dots in fuel cells………………………………………………………………………………………. 86
Table 23. Graphene Quantum Dots in photovoltaics…………………………………………………………………………………. 86
Table 24. Graphene Quantum Dots in biomedicine and life sciences……………………………………………………………. 87
Table 25. Graphene Quantum Dots in anti-counterfeiting…………………………………………………………………………… 88
Table 26. Graphene Quantum Dots in detergents…………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
Table 27. Market and technical challenges for Graphene Quantum Dots……………………………………………………….. 89
Table 28. Pricing of Graphene Quantum Dots…………………………………………………………………………………………. 91
Table 29: 2D materials types……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 96
Table 30: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS₂……………………… 101
Table 31: Market opportunity assessment for phosphorene applications……………………………………………………… 104
Table 32: Market opportunity assessment for graphitic carbon nitride applications…………………………………………. 106
Table 33: Market opportunity assessment for germanene applications………………………………………………………… 107
Table 34: Market opportunity assessment for graphdiyne applications………………………………………………………… 110
Table 35: Market opportunity assessment for graphane applications…………………………………………………………… 111
Table 36: Market opportunity assessment for hexagonal boron nitride applications………………………………………… 114
Table 37: Market opportunity assessment for molybdenum disulfide applications…………………………………………… 117
Table 38: Market opportunity assessment for Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) applications……… 118
Table 39: Market opportunity assessment for silicene applications……………………………………………………………… 121
Table 40: Market opportunity assessment for stanine/tinene applications…………………………………………………….. 122
Table 41: Market opportunity assessment for tungsten diselenide applications……………………………………………… 124
Table 42: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials…………………………………………………… 126
Table 43: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market……………………………………. 127
Table 44: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market…………. 127
Table 45: Main production methods for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 128
Table 46: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market……………………………………. 133
Table 47: Graphene market structure…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 140
Table 48: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2018……………………………………………………………… 147
Table 49: Leading graphene patentees………………………………………………………………………………………………… 148
Table 50: Demand for graphene (tons), 2010-2030…………………………………………………………………………………. 152
Table 51: Graphene oxide production capacity by producer, 2010-2018………………………………………………………. 154
Table 52: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018………………………………………………… 154
Table 53: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by producer, 2010-2018…………………………………………………. 155
Table 54: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018…………………………………………………….. 156
Table 55: CVD graphene film capacity in tons by producer, 2010-2018/ 000s m²…………………………………………… 158
Table 56: Planned graphene production capacities…………………………………………………………………………………. 158
Table 57: Types of graphene and prices………………………………………………………………………………………………. 159
Table 58: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer……………………………………………………………………………. 160
Table 59: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer…………………………………………………………………………………. 160
Table 60: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer…………………………………………………………………………….. 161
Table 61: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer………………………………………………………………………….. 162
Table 62: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer……………………………………………………………………………. 162
Table 63: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer………………………………………………………………………. 163
Table 64: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer…………………………………………………………………………………. 163
Table 65: Market drivers for use of graphene in 3D printing………………………………………………………………………. 166
Table 66: Market overview for graphene in 3D printing…………………………………………………………………………….. 166
Table 67: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing…………………………………………………………… 167
Table 68. Market and applications for graphene in 3D printing…………………………………………………………………… 168
Table 69: Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2030……………………………………………………………… 171
Table 70: Companies in graphene 3D printing……………………………………………………………………………………….. 172
Table 71: Market drivers for use of graphene in adhesives……………………………………………………………………….. 174
Table 72: Market overview for graphene in adhesives……………………………………………………………………………… 175
Table 73: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives……………………………………………………………. 175
Table 74: Applications and benefits of graphene in adhesives…………………………………………………………………… 176
Table 75. Market and applications for graphene in adhesives……………………………………………………………………. 176
Table 76: Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2030……………………………………………………………….. 180
Table 77: Companies in graphene adhesives………………………………………………………………………………………… 182
Table 78: Market drivers for use of graphene in aviation and aerospace………………………………………………………. 183
Table 79: Market overview for graphene in aerospace and aviation……………………………………………………………. 184
Table 80: Applications and benefits of graphene in aviation and aerospace………………………………………………….. 186
Table 81. Market and applications for graphene in aviation and aerospace………………………………………………….. 187
Table 82: Demand for graphene in aviation and aerospace (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………. 192
Table 83: 12.7 Companies in graphene aviation and aerospace…………………………………………………………… 193
Table 84: Market drivers for use of graphene in the automotive sector………………………………………………………… 194
Table 85: Market overview for graphene in automotive…………………………………………………………………………….. 195
Table 86: Applications and benefits of graphene in the automotive industry………………………………………………….. 198
Table 87. Market and applications for graphene in automotive…………………………………………………………………… 199
Table 88: Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………. 203
Table 89: Companies in graphene automotive……………………………………………………………………………………….. 205
Table 90: Properties of nanocoatings…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 206
Table 91: Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings…………………………………………………………………. 210
Table 92: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings………………………………………………………………. 211
Table 93: Markets for nanocoatings…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 218
Table 94. Market and applications for graphene in thermal barrier coatings………………………………………………….. 220
Table 95. Market and applications for graphene in barrier coatings…………………………………………………………….. 223
Table 96. Market and applications for graphene in anti-micobial coatings…………………………………………………….. 226
Table 97. Market and applications for graphene in de-icing and anti-icing coatings………………………………………… 228
Table 98. Market and applications for graphene in abrasion and wear resistant coatings…………………………………. 231
Table 99. Market and applications for graphene in abnti-corrosion coatings………………………………………………….. 234
Table 100: Demand for graphene in coatings (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………… 238
Table 101: Companies in graphene paints and coatings…………………………………………………………………………… 240
Table 102: Market drivers for use of graphene in composites……………………………………………………………………. 242
Table 103: Market overview for graphene in composites………………………………………………………………………….. 244
Table 104: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites……………………………………………… 244
Table 105: Applications and benefits of graphene in composites……………………………………………………………….. 245
Table 106. Market and applications for graphene in composites………………………………………………………………… 247
Table 107: Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………………….. 252
Table 108: Companies in graphene composites…………………………………………………………………………………….. 254
Table 109: Market drivers for use of graphene in conductive films and wearable electronics…………………………….. 256
Table 110: Applications and benefits of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films…………………………… 259
Table 111: Comparison of ITO replacements………………………………………………………………………………………… 260
Table 112: Market overview for graphene in conductive films……………………………………………………………………. 262
Table 113: Market overview for graphene in wearables……………………………………………………………………………. 266
Table 114: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors……………………………………………………………… 267
Table 115. Market and applications for graphene in conductive films………………………………………………………….. 269
Table 116. Market and applications for graphene in wearable electronics…………………………………………………….. 271
Table 117: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $…………………………………. 276
Table 118: Demand for graphene in flexible electronics (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………… 276
Table 119: Companies in graphene-based electronics…………………………………………………………………………….. 280
Table 120: Market drivers for use of graphene in conductive inks………………………………………………………………. 281
Table 121: Market overview for graphene in conductive inks…………………………………………………………………….. 283
Table 122: Comparative properties of conductive inks…………………………………………………………………………….. 283
Table 123: Printable electronics products……………………………………………………………………………………………… 284
Table 124: Opportunities for advanced materials in printed electronics………………………………………………………… 286
Table 125: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof……………. 288
Table 126. Market and applications for graphene in conductive inks…………………………………………………………… 290
Table 127: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2030 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 294
Table 128: Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………… 295
Table 129: Companies in graphene conductive inks……………………………………………………………………………….. 297
Table 130: Market drivers for use of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components………………. 298
Table 131: Market overview for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits……………………………………………… 299
Table 132: Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors……………………………………………………….. 301
Table 133: Applications and benefits of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components………….. 302
Table 134. Market and applications for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits……………………………………. 303
Table 135: Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2030……………………………….. 307
Table 136: Companies in graphene transistors and integrated circuits………………………………………………………… 310
Table 137: Market drivers for use of graphene in memory devices……………………………………………………………… 311
Table 138: Market overview for graphene in memory devices……………………………………………………………………. 312
Table 139. Market and applications for graphene in memory devices………………………………………………………….. 314
Table 140: Market size for graphene in memory devices………………………………………………………………………….. 317
Table 141: Demand for graphene in memory devices (tons), 2018-2030……………………………………………………… 318
Table 142: Applications and commercialization challenges for graphene in the memory devices market…………….. 319
Table 143: Companies in graphene memory devices………………………………………………………………………………. 319
Table 144: Market drivers for use of graphene in photonics………………………………………………………………………. 320
Table 145: Market overview for graphene in photonics…………………………………………………………………………….. 320
Table 146: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators……………………………………………….. 322
Table 147: Applications and benefits of graphene in photonics………………………………………………………………….. 324
Table 148. Market and applications for graphene in photonics…………………………………………………………………… 324
Table 149: Market size for graphene in photonics…………………………………………………………………………………… 327
Table 150: Companies in graphene photonics……………………………………………………………………………………….. 329
Table 151: Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries……………………………………………………………………….. 331
Table 152: Market overview for graphene in batteries……………………………………………………………………………… 333
Table 153: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof…………………… 336
Table 154. Market and applications for graphene in batteries……………………………………………………………………. 336
Table 155: Market size for graphene in batteries……………………………………………………………………………………. 340
Table 156: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries………………………………………… 340
Table 157: Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………… 342
Table 158: Companies in graphene batteries………………………………………………………………………………………… 344
Table 159: Market drivers for use of graphene in supercapacitors………………………………………………………………. 346
Table 160: Market overview for graphene in supercapacitors……………………………………………………………………. 346
Table 161: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries………………………………. 348
Table 162: Applications and benefits of graphene in supercapacitors………………………………………………………….. 348
Table 163: Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof…… 350
Table 164. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors…………………………………………………………… 350
Table 165: Market size for graphene in supercapacitors…………………………………………………………………………… 353
Table 166: Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………. 354
Table 167: Market challenges rating for graphene in the supercapacitors market…………………………………………… 356
Table 168: Companies in graphene supercapacitors……………………………………………………………………………….. 356
Table 169: Market drivers for use of graphene in photovoltaics………………………………………………………………….. 357
Table 170: Market overview for graphene in solar…………………………………………………………………………………… 358
Table 171. Market and applications for graphene in solar…………………………………………………………………………. 361
Table 172: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics………………………………………………………………………………. 364
Table 173: Potential addressable market for photovoltaics……………………………………………………………………….. 364
Table 174: Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………….. 365
Table 175: Companies in graphene solar……………………………………………………………………………………………… 367
Table 176: Market drivers for use of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage………………………………………….. 367
Table 177: Market overview for graphene in fuel cells……………………………………………………………………………… 369
Table 178: Applications and benefits of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage……………………………………… 370
Table 179. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells……………………………………………………………………. 370
Table 180: Market size for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage………………………………………………………. 373
Table 181: Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2030……………………………………………………………….. 374
Table 182: Companies in graphene fuel cells………………………………………………………………………………………… 375
Table 183: Market drivers for use of graphene in LED lighting and UVC………………………………………………………. 376
Table 184: Market overview for graphene in lighting……………………………………………………………………………….. 377
Table 185: Applications of graphene in lighting………………………………………………………………………………………. 377
Table 186. Market and applications for graphene in lighting………………………………………………………………………. 378
Table 187: Market size for graphene in LED lighting……………………………………………………………………………….. 381
Table 188: Demand for graphene in lighting (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………….. 382
Table 189: Companies in graphene lighting…………………………………………………………………………………………… 383
Table 190: Market drivers for graphene in oil and gas……………………………………………………………………………… 384
Table 191: Market overview for graphene in oil and gas…………………………………………………………………………… 385
Table 192: Applications of graphene in the oil and gas market…………………………………………………………………… 386
Table 193. Market and applications for graphene in oil and gas…………………………………………………………………. 390
Table 194: Application markets, competing materials, graphene advantages and current market size in oil and gas. 393
Table 195: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the oil and gas market………………………………………… 393
Table 196: Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………………….. 394
Table 197: Companies in graphene oil and gas applications……………………………………………………………………… 396
Table 198: Market drivers for use of graphene in filtration………………………………………………………………………… 397
Table 199: Market overview for graphene in filtration………………………………………………………………………………. 398
Table 200: Applications and benefits of graphene in filtration and separation………………………………………………… 399
Table 201. Market and applications for graphene in filtration…………………………………………………………………….. 401
Table 202: Market size for graphene in filtration……………………………………………………………………………………… 404
Table 203: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration and separation market………………………… 406
Table 204: Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………………………. 406
Table 205: Graphene companies in filtration………………………………………………………………………………………….. 407
Table 206: Market drivers for use of graphene in the life sciences and medical market…………………………………… 410
Table 207: Market overview for graphene in life sciences and biomedicine…………………………………………………… 412
Table 208: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare…………………………………… 412
Table 209: Applications and benefits of graphene in life sciences and medical……………………………………………… 413
Table 210. Market and applications for graphene in cancer therapy……………………………………………………………. 415
Table 211. Market and applications for graphene in medical implants and devices…………………………………………. 419
Table 212. Market and applications for graphene in wound dressings…………………………………………………………. 421
Table 213. Market and applications for graphene in biosensors…………………………………………………………………. 422
Table 214. Market and applications for graphene in medical imaging………………………………………………………….. 424
Table 215. Market and applications for graphene in tissue engineering……………………………………………………….. 425
Table 216. Market and applications for graphene in dental……………………………………………………………………….. 426
Table 217. Market and applications for graphene in wearable and mobile health monitoring…………………………….. 427
Table 218: Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 430
Table 219: Market size for graphene in biomedical and healthcare…………………………………………………………….. 435
Table 220: Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………….. 437
Table 221: Market challenges in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare……………………………………………………. 439
Table 222: Companies in graphene life sciences and biomedicine……………………………………………………………… 440
Table 223: Market drivers for use of graphene in lubricants………………………………………………………………………. 440
Table 224: Market overview for graphene in lubricants…………………………………………………………………………….. 441
Table 225: Applications of graphene in the lubricants market……………………………………………………………………. 442
Table 226: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants…………………………………………………………………… 442
Table 227. Market and applications for graphene in lubricants…………………………………………………………………… 443
Table 228: Market size for graphene in lubricants…………………………………………………………………………………… 444
Table 229: Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………. 445
Table 230: Market challenges rating for graphene in the lubricants market…………………………………………………… 446
Table 231: Companies in graphene lubricants……………………………………………………………………………………….. 446
Table 232: Market drivers for use of graphene in rubber and tires………………………………………………………………. 447
Table 233: Market overview for graphene in rubber and tires…………………………………………………………………….. 447
Table 234: Applications of graphene in rubber and tires…………………………………………………………………………… 448
Table 235. Market and applications for graphene in rubber and tires…………………………………………………………… 448
Table 236: Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………. 450
Table 237: Market challenges for graphene in rubber and tires………………………………………………………………….. 451
Table 238: Companies in rubber and tires…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 452
Table 239: Market drivers for use of graphene in sensors………………………………………………………………………… 453
Table 240: Market overview for graphene in sensors………………………………………………………………………………. 454
Table 241: Applications and benefits of graphene in sensors…………………………………………………………………….. 455
Table 242: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors……………………………………………………………… 456
Table 243: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor…………………… 459
Table 244. Market and applications for graphene in sensors…………………………………………………………………….. 460
Table 245: Market size for graphene in sensors……………………………………………………………………………………… 461
Table 246: Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………………………. 463
Table 247: Market challenges rating for graphene in the sensors market……………………………………………………… 465
Table 248: Companies in graphene sensors………………………………………………………………………………………….. 465
Table 249: Types of smart textiles………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 467
Table 250: Smart textile products……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 467
Table 251: Market drivers for use of graphene in smart textiles and apparel…………………………………………………. 468
Table 252: Market overview for graphene in smart textiles and apparel……………………………………………………….. 470
Table 253: Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 470
Table 254: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials…………….. 472
Table 255: Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel…………………………………………………….. 474
Table 256. Market and applications for graphene in smart textiles and apparel……………………………………………… 477
Table 257: Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………….. 480
Table 258: Market impediments for graphene in textiles…………………………………………………………………………… 481
Table 259: Market challenges for graphene in textiles and apparel…………………………………………………………….. 481
Table 260: Graphene companies in smart textiles and apparel………………………………………………………………….. 481
Table 261: Market drivers for use of graphene in construction…………………………………………………………………… 483
Table 262: Market overview for graphene in construction…………………………………………………………………………. 484
Table 263. Market and applications for graphene in construction……………………………………………………………….. 484
Table 264: Potential addressable market for graphene in the cement market……………………………………………….. 486
Table 265: Demand for graphene in cement (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………………………. 486
Table 266: Graphene Companies in construction……………………………………………………………………………………. 487
Table 267: Graphene producers and types produced………………………………………………………………………………. 488
Table 268: Graphene producers target market matrix……………………………………………………………………………… 491
Table 269: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets………………………………….. 494
Table 270: Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix………………………………………………. 498

Figures

Figure 1: Demand for graphene, by market, 2018. Figures based on market graphene producers sell to, including samples……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43
Figure 2: Demand for graphene, 2010-2030……………………………………………………………………………………………. 46
Figure 3: Vittoria bike tires incorporating graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 47
Figure 4: Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2018…………………………………………………………………………. 64
Figure 5: Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2030…………………………………………………………………………. 65
Figure 6: Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2018…………………………………………………………………. 65
Figure 7: Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2030…………………………………………………………………. 66
Figure 8: Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2018……………………………………………………………… 68
Figure 9: Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2030……………………………………………………………… 69
Figure 10: Demand for graphene in Europe, by market, 2018……………………………………………………………………… 70
Figure 11: Demand for graphene in Europe, by market, 2030……………………………………………………………………… 71
Figure 12: Graphene layer structure schematic……………………………………………………………………………………….. 72
Figure 13: Graphite and graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 72
Figure 14: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. …………………………………………………… 73
Figure 15: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite… 75
Figure 16: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4)………………………………………………………………………… 80
Figure 17. Graphene quantum dots………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 81
Figure 18. Schematic of GQD functionalization……………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
Figure 19. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Graphene Quantum Dots………………………………………………….. 90
Figure 20. Production of Graphene Quantum Dots…………………………………………………………………………………… 91
Figure 21. Graphene Quantum Dot + Silica based Inorganic Composite Material under UV light………………………… 93
Figure 22. Graphene Quantum Dot + Silica based Inorganic Composite Material under room light……………………… 94
Figure 23: Schematic of 2-D materials…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 97
Figure 24: Borophene schematic………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 99
Figure 25: Black phosphorus structure…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100
Figure 26: Black Phosphorus crystal……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100
Figure 27: Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation… 102
Figure 28: Graphitic carbon nitride………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
Figure 29: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology………………………………………………………………………….. 105
Figure 30: Schematic of germanene……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 107
Figure 31: Graphdiyne structure…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 108
Figure 32: Schematic of Graphane crystal…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
Figure 33: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride……………………………………………………………………………………… 112
Figure 34: BN nanosheet textiles application…………………………………………………………………………………………. 113
Figure 35: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide……………………………………………………………………………………. 114
Figure 36: SEM image of MoS₂………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 115
Figure 37: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor………………………………….. 116
Figure 38: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 116
Figure 39: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide………………………………………………………………………… 118
Figure 40: Silicene structure………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 119
Figure 41: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate…………………………………………………………………………. 119
Figure 42: Silicene transistor……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 120
Figure 43: Crystal structure for stanene……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 121
Figure 44: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)………………………………………………………… 122
Figure 45: Schematic of tungsten diselenide…………………………………………………………………………………………. 123
Figure 46: Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe)…………………………………………………………………………………….. 125
Figure 47: Fabrication methods of graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………. 129
Figure 48: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF……………………………………………………………………………. 130
Figure 49: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium………………………………………………………………………….. 132
Figure 50: Schematic illustration of the main graphene production techniques………………………………………………. 134
Figure 51: Graphene synthesis-CVD technique……………………………………………………………………………………… 135
Figure 52: (a) Graphene powder production line in The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd………………………………………………………………………………. 136
Figure 53: Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG……………………….. 138
Figure 54: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer…………………………………………….. 140
Figure 55: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2018…………………………………………………………….. 148
Figure 56: Roadmap for graphene applications……………………………………………………………………………………… 151
Figure 57: Demand for graphene, 2010-2030………………………………………………………………………………………… 153
Figure 58: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018……………………………………………….. 155
Figure 59: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018…………………………………………………… 157
Figure 60: CVD Graphene on Cu Foil………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 157
Figure 61: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament……………………………………………………. 167
Figure 62: Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………………….. 172
Figure 63: Graphene Adhesives…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 175
Figure 64: Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………. 181
Figure 65: Graphene aircraft……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 185
Figure 66: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargo container…………………………………………………………………………… 185
Figure 67: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………. 193
Figure 68: Graphene-based automotive components………………………………………………………………………………. 197
Figure 69: Supercar incorporating graphene………………………………………………………………………………………….. 197
Figure 70: Antistatic graphene tire………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 198
Figure 71: Demand for graphene in automotive(tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………. 204
Figure 72: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT………………………………………………………………………………….. 211
Figure 73: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating…………………… 215
Figure 74: Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate………………………………………………………….. 217
Figure 75: Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand…………………………………………. 234
Figure 76: Demand for graphene in coatings (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………………………. 239
Figure 77: Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………………….. 253
Figure 78: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application…………………………………………………………….. 258
Figure 79: Flexible graphene touch screen……………………………………………………………………………………………. 258
Figure 80: Galapad Settler smartphone………………………………………………………………………………………………… 259
Figure 81: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode………………………………………….. 260
Figure 82: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 261
Figure 83: Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film……………………………………………….. 262
Figure 84: Foldable graphene E-paper…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 263
Figure 85: Wearable gas sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 268
Figure 86: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $………………………………….. 276
Figure 87: Demand for graphene in conductive films and wearable electronics (tons), 2018-2030……………………… 277
Figure 88: Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type, 2012-2027, millions $…….. 278
Figure 89: Schematic of the wet roll-to-roll graphene transfer from copper foils to polymeric substrates……………… 279
Figure 90: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 280
Figure 91: BGT Materials graphene ink product……………………………………………………………………………………… 284
Figure 92: Printed graphene conductive ink…………………………………………………………………………………………… 285
Figure 93: Flexible RFID tag………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 286
Figure 94: Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink…………………………………………………………………………… 287
Figure 95: Enfucell Printed Battery……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 289
Figure 96: Graphene printed antenna………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 289
Figure 97: Printed antennas for aircraft………………………………………………………………………………………………… 290
Figure 98: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2030 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 294
Figure 99: Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………………. 296
Figure 100: Graphene IC in wafer tester………………………………………………………………………………………………. 300
Figure 101: A monolayer WS2-based flexible transistor array……………………………………………………………………. 300
Figure 102: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 301
Figure 103: Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2030………………………………. 308
Figure 104: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate…………………………………………………….. 312
Figure 105: Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random access memory (RRAM)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 313
Figure 106: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt…………………………. 313
Figure 107: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip…………………………………………………………………………………………… 314
Figure 108: Stretchable SWCNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics……………………………………… 314
Figure 109: Potential addressable market for graphene in the memory devices market…………………………………… 318
Figure 110: Demand for graphene in memory devices (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………….. 319
Figure 111: Hybrid graphene phototransistors……………………………………………………………………………………….. 322
Figure 112: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors……………………………………………….. 323
Figure 113: Flexible PEN coated with graphene and a QD thin film (20nm) is highly visibly transparent and photosensitive………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 323
Figure 114: The SkelStart Engine Start Module 2.0 based on the graphene-based SkelCap ultracapacitors………… 330
Figure 115: Energy harvesting textile…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 333
Figure 116: H600 concept car……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 339
Figure 117: Anion concept car……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 340
Figure 118: Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2030……………………………………………………………….. 343
Figure 119: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor…………………………………………………………………………………… 347
Figure 120: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger…………………………………………………………………………………… 349
Figure 121: Stretchable graphene supercapacitor…………………………………………………………………………………… 349
Figure 122: Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2030……………………………………………………… 355
Figure 123: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode…………………………………………………………………… 359
Figure 124: Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper……………………………………………………………………………….. 360
Figure 125: Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………………. 366
Figure 126: Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………. 375
Figure 127: LG OLED flexible lighting panel………………………………………………………………………………………….. 378
Figure 128: Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight……………………………………………………………… 378
Figure 129: Demand for graphene in lighting (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………………………. 383
Figure 130: Schematic of boron doped graphene for application in gas sensors……………………………………………. 387
Figure 131: Directa Plus Grafysorber…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 389
Figure 132: Nanometer-scale pores in single-layer freestanding graphene membrane can effectively filter NaCl salt from water……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 390
Figure 133: Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2030……………………………………………………………. 395
Figure 134: Graphene filtration membrane……………………………………………………………………………………………. 400
Figure 135: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts……………………… 401
Figure 136: Graphene anti-smog mask………………………………………………………………………………………………… 401
Figure 137: Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………… 407
Figure 138: Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel………………………. 423
Figure 139: Graphene-Oxide based chip prototypes for biopsy-free early cancer diagnosis……………………………… 424
Figure 140: Connected human body……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 428
Figure 141: Flexible, lightweight temperature sensor……………………………………………………………………………….. 429
Figure 142: Graphene-based E-skin patch……………………………………………………………………………………………. 430
Figure 143: Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs…………. 431
Figure 144: Graphene medical patch…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 432
Figure 145: TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer…………………………………………………………………………… 433
Figure 146: Mimo baby monitor………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 433
Figure 147: Nanowire skin hydration patch……………………………………………………………………………………………. 433
Figure 148: Wearable sweat sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 434
Figure 149: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor…………………………………………………………………………………….. 434
Figure 150: Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………. 438
Figure 151: Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2030……………………………………………………………… 445
Figure 152: Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2030……………………………………………………… 451
Figure 153: GFET sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 457
Figure 154: First generation point of care diagnostics……………………………………………………………………………… 458
Figure 155: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic………………………………………………………………………….. 459
Figure 156: Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………… 464
Figure 157: Colmar graphene ski jacket……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 475
Figure 158: Conductive yarns…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 475
Figure 159: Graphene-enhanced ski garments………………………………………………………………………………………. 476
Figure 160: Inov-8 graphene shoes…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 476
Figure 161: Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2030…………………………………………………………………. 480
Figure 162: Demand for graphene in cement (tons), 2018-2030………………………………………………………………… 486
Figure 163: Graphene flake products…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 506
Figure 164: Prototype of Graphene-integrated UF filter cartridge……………………………………………………………….. 591

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