Future Markets, Inc. produced the first ever market report on graphene in 2010 and has constantly tracked the market since. We also publish the industry focused Graphene Magazine.
Graphene is the most widely studied and developed 2D nanomaterial and its discovery can be considered as a defining point in the research and development of stable, truly 2D material systems.
Graphene exhibits a unique combination of mechanical, thermal, electronic and optical properties that provide opportunities for new innovation in flexible displays, transistors, photosensors, RFID tags, solar cells, secondary batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, conductive inks, EMI shielding, heat insulation, anti-oxidation and LEDs across multiple industries including consumer electronics, automotive, aerospace, medicine, energy, 3D printing, polymer composites, wireless technology, filtration and coatings.
The global market for graphene continues to grow with weekly product, technology and production developments, public and private investments and start-ups. There are now over 200 companies either producing graphene or developing applications, with as many multi-nationals conducting R&D on these materials.
However, relatively few graphene products have reached the market yet, and until recently those that have mainly incorporate graphene additives to enhance toughness, conductivity and flexibility. This report seeks to identify investment opportunities for graphene and looks at current commercial and planned activity, most promising applications by market and pricing for graphene materials. This paints a complete picture of the current graphene landscape, from producer capacities & pricing to end products, now and in the future.
Researchers have also looked beyond graphene in recent years to other layered 2D materials, such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and phosphorene. These materials possess the intrinsic properties of graphene, such as high electrical conductivity, insulating and semi-conducting properties, high thermal conductivity, high mechanical strength, gas diffusion barriers, high chemical stability and radiation shielding, but crucially also possess a semiconductor band gap. Theoretical and experimental works on these materials have rapidly increased in the past couple of years and they are now commercially available from several advanced materials producers.
This 267 page report examines:
- Advantages and shortcomings of graphene as a technology component.
- Pricing landscape for graphene, by types and producers.
- Production volumes by graphene producer.
- Provides a map of the current competitive landscape by market.
- Investments in graphene over the past 12 months.
- Market impediments for graphene by target market.
- Profiles all the major players in graphene production.
- Profiles all the major application developers including current and intended products.
- Market analysis of 2D Materials beyond graphene.
Published June 2018 | 267 pages | Table of contents
The Graphene and 2D Materials Investment and Pricing Report 2018
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………… 22
- 1.1 Investment analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
- 1.2 Market impediment analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………. 27
- 2.1 Products…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27
- 2.2 Global graphene demand 2010-2027…………………………………………………………………………….. 29
- 2.3 Graphene investments 2016-2018…………………………………………………………………………………. 29
- 2.4 Market outlook………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
3 TYPES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE GRAPHENE……………. 37
- 3.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
4 COMMERCIAL GRAPHENE PRODUCTION……………………………… 40
- 4.1 Graphene synthesis methods…………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
- 4.2 Commercial production…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 41
- 4.3 Graphene oxide……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42
- 4.4 Graphene nanoplatelets…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
- 4.5 CVD graphene film…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
- 4.6 Planned graphene capacities 2018 onwards………………………………………………………………….. 48
- 4.7 Production methods by producer and products offered………………………………………………….. 48
5 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION………………………………………………………………. 51
6 PRODUCTION VOLUMES IN METRIC TONS 2010-2027……………. 55
- 6.1 Global demand 2010-2017…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
7 GRAPHENE PRICING…………………………………………………………….. 56
- 7.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing……………………………………………………………………………………. 58
- 7.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
- 7.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing…………………………………………………………………………………….. 60
- 7.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing………………………………………………………………………………….. 60
- 7.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing……………………………………………………………………………………. 61
- 7.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing……………………………………………………………………………… 62
- 7.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing………………………………………………………………………………… 63
- 7.8 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials……………………………………………………… 64
- 7.9 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce………………………………………………………………. 64
- 7.10 Bulk supply…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
- 7.11 Commoditisation………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 65
8 GLOBAL GRAPHENE PRODUCERS AND PRODUCTION CAPACITIES, CURRENT AND PLANNED……………………………………. 66
9 COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN GRAPHENE…………………….. 68
- 9.1 Short-term growth…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 68
- 9.2 Medium-term growth………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 69
- 9.3 Adhesives………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71
- 9.3.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71
- 9.3.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 71
- 9.3.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………………. 72
- 9.3.4 Market impediments……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
- 9.4 Aerospace………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 75
- 9.4.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 75
- 9.4.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 76
- 9.4.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………………. 77
- 9.4.4 Market impediments……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 80
- 9.5 Automotive……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 81
- 9.5.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 81
- 9.5.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 82
- 9.5.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………………. 83
- 9.5.4 Market impediments……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
- 9.6 Coatings…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 87
- 9.6.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 87
- 9.6.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 89
- 9.6.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………………. 90
- 9.6.4 Market impediments……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
- 9.7 Composites…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 93
- 9.7.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 93
- 9.7.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 95
- 9.7.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………………. 96
- 9.7.4 Market impediments……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 99
- 9.8 Conductive inks……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100
- 9.8.1 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 100
- 9.8.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………… 102
- 9.8.3 Graphene investment potential…………………………………………………………………………….. 103
- 9.8.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 107
- 9.9 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 108
- 9.9.1 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 108
- 9.9.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………… 112
- 9.9.3 Graphene investment potential…………………………………………………………………………….. 115
- 9.9.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 122
- 9.10 Energy……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 125
- 9.10.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 125
- 9.10.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 129
- 9.10.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 133
- 9.10.3.1 Batteries………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 136
- 9.10.3.2 Supercapacitors…………………………………………………………………………………………… 138
- 9.10.3.3 Photovoltaics……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 139
- 9.10.3.4 Fuel cells……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 141
- 9.10.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 142
- 9.11 Filtration……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 143
- 9.11.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 143
- 9.11.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 145
- 9.11.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 146
- 9.11.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 148
- 9.12 Life sciences and healthcare……………………………………………………………………………………. 149
- 9.12.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 149
- 9.12.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 152
- 9.12.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 153
- 9.12.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 156
- 9.13 Lighting…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 159
- 9.13.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 159
- 9.13.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 159
- 9.13.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 160
- 9.13.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 161
- 9.14 Lubricants………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 162
- 9.14.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 162
- 9.14.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 162
- 9.14.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 163
- 9.14.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 165
- 9.15 Oil and gas……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 166
- 9.15.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 166
- 9.15.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 167
- 9.15.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 167
- 9.15.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 169
- 9.16 Rubber and tires………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 170
- 9.16.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 170
- 9.16.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 171
- 9.16.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 172
- 9.16.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 174
- 9.17 Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 175
- 9.17.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 175
- 9.17.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 177
- 9.17.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 179
- 9.17.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 181
- 9.18 Textiles…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 182
- 9.18.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 182
- 9.18.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 183
- 9.18.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 184
- 9.18.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 186
- 9.19 3D Printing……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 187
- 9.19.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 187
- 9.19.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 188
- 9.19.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 189
- 9.19.4 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 190
10 OTHER 2D MATERIALS……………………………………………………….. 192
- 10.1 Beyond moore’s law…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 194
- 10.2 Batteries…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 194
- 10.3 PHOSPHORENE……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 195
- 10.3.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 195
- 10.3.1.1 Fabrication methods…………………………………………………………………………………….. 197
- 10.3.1.2 Challenges for the use of phosphorene in devices………………………………………. 197
- 10.3.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 197
- 10.3.2.1 Electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 197
- 10.3.2.2 Field effect transistors………………………………………………………………………………….. 198
- 10.3.2.3 Thermoelectrics…………………………………………………………………………………………… 198
- 10.3.2.4 Batteries………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 198
- 10.3.2.5 Supercapacitors…………………………………………………………………………………………… 199
- 10.3.2.6 Photodetectors…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 200
- 10.3.2.7 Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 200
- 10.3.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………….. 200
- 10.3.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 195
- 10.4 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4)………………………………………………………………. 201
- 10.4.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 201
- 10.4.2 Synthesis…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 202
- 10.4.3 C2N………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 202
- 10.4.4 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 203
- 10.4.4.1 Electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 203
- 10.4.4.2 Filtration membranes…………………………………………………………………………………… 203
- 10.4.4.3 Photocatalysts……………………………………………………………………………………………… 203
- 10.4.4.4 Batteries (LIBs)……………………………………………………………………………………………. 203
- 10.4.4.5 Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 203
- 10.4.5 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………….. 204
- 10.5 GERMANENE………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 204
- 10.5.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 205
- 10.5.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 205
- 10.5.2.1 Electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 205
- 10.5.2.2 Batteries………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 206
- 10.5.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………….. 206
- 10.6 GRAPHDIYNE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 206
- 10.6.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 207
- 10.6.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 208
- 10.6.2.1 Electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 208
- 10.6.2.2 Batteries………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 208
- 10.6.2.3 Sodium ion batteries……………………………………………………………………………………. 208
- 10.6.2.4 Separation membranes……………………………………………………………………………….. 208
- 10.6.2.5 Water filtration……………………………………………………………………………………………… 208
- 10.6.2.6 Photocatalysts……………………………………………………………………………………………… 209
- 10.6.2.7 Photovoltaics……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 209
- 10.6.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………….. 209
- 10.7 GRAPHANE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 210
- 10.7.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 210
- 10.7.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 210
- 10.7.2.1 Electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 211
- 10.7.2.2 Hydrogen storage………………………………………………………………………………………… 211
- 10.7.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………….. 211
- 10.8 HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE……………………………………………………………………………… 212
- 10.8.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 212
- 10.8.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 213
- 10.8.2.1 Electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 213
- 10.8.2.2 Fuel cells……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 213
- 10.8.2.3 Adsorbents…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 213
- 10.8.2.4 Photodetectors…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 214
- 10.8.2.5 Textiles………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 214
- 10.8.2.6 Biomedical…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 214
- 10.8.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………….. 215
- 10.9 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2)………………………………………………………………………… 215
- 10.9.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 216
- 10.9.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 217
- 10.9.2.1 Electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 217
- 10.9.2.2 Photovoltaics……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 218
- 10.9.2.3 Piezoelectrics………………………………………………………………………………………………. 218
- 10.9.2.4 Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 218
- 10.9.2.5 Filtration……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 219
- 10.9.2.6 Batteries………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 219
- 10.9.2.7 Fiber lasers………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 219
- 10.9.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………….. 220
- 10.10 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2)……………………………………. 220
- 10.10.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 221
- 10.10.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 221
- 10.10.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 221
- 10.10.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………….. 222
- 10.11 SILICENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 222
- 10.11.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 223
- 10.11.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 224
- 10.11.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 224
- 10.11.2.2 Photovoltaics……………………………………………………………………………………………. 224
- 10.11.2.3 Thermoelectrics……………………………………………………………………………………….. 224
- 10.11.2.4 Batteries…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 225
- 10.11.2.5 Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 225
- 10.11.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………….. 225
- 10.12 STANENE/TINENE………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 226
- 10.12.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 226
- 10.12.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 227
- 10.12.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 227
- 10.12.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………….. 227
- 10.13 TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE……………………………………………………………………………………….. 228
- 10.13.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 228
- 10.13.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 229
- 10.13.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 229
- 10.13.3 Market opportunity assessment……………………………………………………………………….. 229
- 10.14 ANTIMONENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 229
- 10.14.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 229
- 10.14.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 230
- 10.15 DIAMENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 230
- 10.15.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 230
- 10.15.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 230
- 10.16 INDIUM SELENIDE………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 230
- 10.16.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 230
- 10.16.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 231
- 10.16.2.1 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 231
- 10.17 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHENE AND OTHER 2D MATERIALS…………. 232
- 10.18 2D MATERIALS PRODUCERS……………………………………………………………………………….. 233
11 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS……………………………………………………. 238
- 11.1 Types of graphene produced, by producer………………………………………………………………. 238
- 11.2 Key players………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 242
- 11.2.1 Asia-Pacific………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 242
- 11.2.1.1 Australia………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 244
- 11.2.2 North America………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 245
- 11.2.3 Europe……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 246
- 11.3 Markets targeted, by producer…………………………………………………………………………………. 246
12 GRAPHENE PRODUCT DEVELOPERS AND END USERS………. 250
12.1 Industrial collaborations and licensing……………………………………………………………………… 250
12.2 Markets targeted, by product developers and end users………………………………………….. 253
13 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….. 257
TABLES
- Table 1: Consumer products incorporating graphene…………………………………………………………………. 27
- Table 2: Graphene investments and financial agreements 2016-2018……………………………………….. 29
- Table 3: Market opportunity assessment matrix for graphene applications………………………………… 32
- Table 4: Properties of graphene and competing materials………………………………………………………….. 38
- Table 5: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by country/year, 2010-2018…………………….. 42
- Table 6: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018………………………………. 43
- Table 7: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by country/year, 2010-2018………………………….. 44
- Table 8: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018……………………………………. 45
- Table 9: CVD graphene film capacity in tons by country/year, 2010-2018/ 000s m2…………………… 47
- Table 10: Planned graphene production capacities……………………………………………………………………. 48
- Table 11: Graphene production methods, by producer………………………………………………………………. 48
- Table 12: Graphene market structure…………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
- Table 13: Global demand for graphene, 2010-2017 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2016………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55
- Table 14: Types of graphene and prices…………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
- Table 15: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer………………………………………………………………. 58
- Table 16: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer…………………………………………………………………….. 59
- Table 17: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer………………………………………………………………. 60
- Table 18: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer……………………………………………………………. 61
- Table 19: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer……………………………………………………………… 62
- Table 20: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer……………………………………………………….. 62
- Table 21: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer……………………………………………………………………. 63
- Table 22: Production capacities of graphene producers, current and planned, metric tons………… 66
- Table 23: Graphene target markets-Applications and potential addressable market size…………… 70
- Table 24: Applications of adhesives, by market………………………………………………………………………….. 71
- Table 25: Companies developing graphene-based products in adhesives…………………………………. 72
- Table 26: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the adhesives market………………………. 72
- Table 27: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in adhesives………………………………….. 73
- Table 28: Market impediments for graphene in the adhesives market……………………………………….. 74
- Table 29: Applications of graphene in the aerospace market……………………………………………………… 75
- Table 30: Companies developing graphene-based products in aerospace………………………………… 76
- Table 31: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the aerospace market………………………. 77
- Table 32: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in aerospace…………………………………. 78
- Table 33: Market impediments for graphene in aerospace…………………………………………………………. 81
- Table 34: Applications of graphene in the automotive market…………………………………………………….. 81
- Table 35: Companies developing graphene-based products in the automotive industry……………. 82
- Table 36: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the automotive market……………………… 83
- Table 37: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive industry…………….. 84
- Table 38: Market impediments for graphene in automotive………………………………………………………… 86
- Table 39: Applications of graphene in coatings………………………………………………………………………….. 87
- Table 40: Companies developing graphene-based products in the coatings industry………………… 89
- Table 41: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the coatings market…………………………. 90
- Table 42: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the coatings market…………………… 90
- Table 43: Market impediments for graphene in coatings…………………………………………………………….. 93
- Table 44: Applications of graphene in composites……………………………………………………………………… 93
- Table 45: Companies developing graphene-based products in composites……………………………….. 95
- Table 46: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the composites market…………………….. 96
- Table 47: Potential addressable market for graphene in composites…………………………………………. 97
- Table 48: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the composites market……………… 98
- Table 49: Market impediments for graphene in composites……………………………………………………… 100
- Table 50: Companies developing graphene-based products in conductive inks………………………. 102
- Table 51: Opportunities for graphene in printed electronics……………………………………………………… 104
- Table 52: Potential addressable market for graphene in conductive inks…………………………………. 105
- Table 53: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in conductive inks……………………………… 107
- Table 54: Market impediments for graphene in conductive inks……………………………………………….. 107
- Table 55: Applications of graphene in electronics…………………………………………………………………….. 109
- Table 56: Companies developing graphene-based products in electronics………………………………. 112
- Table 57: Market summary and revenues for graphene in electronics……………………………………… 115
- Table 58: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in electronics………………………………. 121
- Table 59: Potential addressable market for graphene in the memory devices market……………… 122
- Table 60: Market impediments for graphene in electronics………………………………………………………. 122
- Table 61: Applications of graphene in energy storage and generation…………………………………….. 126
- Table 62: Companies developing graphene-based products in energy……………………………………. 130
- Table 63: Market summary and revenues for graphene in energy……………………………………………. 133
- Table 64: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries…………………… 136
- Table 65: Market size for graphene in supercapacitors…………………………………………………………….. 138
- Table 66: Potential addressable market for photovoltaics………………………………………………………… 139
- Table 67: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the energy market…………………… 140
- Table 68: Market size for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage……………………………………. 141
- Table 69: Market impediments for graphene in energy…………………………………………………………….. 142
- Table 70: Applications of graphene in filtration…………………………………………………………………………. 143
- Table 71: Companies developing graphene-based products in filtration…………………………………… 145
- Table 72: Market summary and revenues for graphene in filtration………………………………………….. 146
- Table 73: Potential addressable market for graphene in the filtration market…………………………… 147
- Table 74: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration market…………………. 147
- Table 75: Market impediments for graphene in filtration…………………………………………………………… 149
- Table 76: Applications of graphene in life sciences and healthcare………………………………………….. 150
- Table 77: Companies developing graphene-based products in life sciences and healthcare…… 152
- Table 78: Market summary and revenues for graphene in life sciences and healthcare…………… 153
- Table 79: Potential addressable market for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets……… 154
- Table 80: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets…… 155
- Table 81: Market impediments for graphene in the biomedical and healthcare market……………. 157
- Table 82: Market impediments for graphene in life sciences and healthcare……………………………. 158
- Table 83: Applications of graphene in lighting………………………………………………………………………….. 159
- Table 84: Companies developing graphene-based products in lighting……………………………………. 159
- Table 85: Market summary and revenues for graphene in lighting…………………………………………… 160
- Table 86: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the lighting market…………………… 161
- Table 87: Market impediments for graphene in lighting…………………………………………………………….. 161
- Table 88: Applications of graphene in the lubricants market…………………………………………………….. 162
- Table 89: Companies developing graphene-based products in lubricants………………………………… 162
- Table 90: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the lubricants market……………………… 163
- Table 91: Potential addressable market for graphene in the lubricants market………………………… 164
- Table 92: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the lubricants market………………. 164
- Table 93: Market impediments for graphene in lubricants………………………………………………………… 165
- Table 94: Applications of graphene in the oil and gas market…………………………………………………… 166
- Table 95: Companies developing graphene-based products in oil and gas……………………………… 167
- Table 96: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the oil and gas market……………………. 167
- Table 97: Potential addressable market for graphene in the oil and gas market………………………. 168
- Table 98: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the oil and gas market…………….. 168
- Table 99: Market impediments for graphene in oil and gas………………………………………………………. 169
- Table 100: Applications of graphene in rubber and tires…………………………………………………………… 170
- Table 101: Companies developing graphene-based products in rubber and tires……………………. 171
- Table 102: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the rubber and tires market………….. 172
- Table 103: Potential addressable market for graphene in the rubber and tires market…………….. 173
- Table 104: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the rubber and tires market…… 173
- Table 105: Market impediments for graphene in rubber and tires…………………………………………….. 174
- Table 106: Applications of graphene in sensors……………………………………………………………………….. 175
- Table 107: Companies developing graphene-based products in sensors………………………………… 177
- Table 108: Market size for graphene in sensors……………………………………………………………………….. 179
- Table 109: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration market……………………… 180
- Table 110: Market impediments for graphene in sensors…………………………………………………………. 181
- Table 111: Applications of graphene in textiles………………………………………………………………………… 182
- Table 112: Companies developing graphene-based products in textiles………………………………….. 183
- Table 113: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the textiles market……………………….. 184
- Table 114: Global market for smart clothing and apparel, 2014-2021, units and revenues (US$). 184
- Table 115: Potential addressable market for graphene in the smart textiles market…………………. 185
- Table 116: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in textiles…………………………………………. 186
- Table 117: Market impediments for graphene in textiles…………………………………………………………… 187
- Table 118: Applications of graphene in 3D printing…………………………………………………………………… 187
- Table 119: Companies developing graphene-based products in the 3D printing industry………… 188
- Table 120: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the 3D printing market…………………. 189
- Table 121: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the 3D printing market…………… 190
- Table 122: Market impediments for graphene in 3D printing…………………………………………………….. 191
- Table 123: 2D materials types………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 192
- Table 124: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 196
- Table 125: Market opportunity assessment for phosphorene applications……………………………….. 200
- Table 126: Market opportunity assessment for graphitic carbon nitride applications………………… 204
- Table 127: Market opportunity assessment for germanene applications………………………………….. 206
- Table 128: Market opportunity assessment for graphdiyne applications…………………………………… 209
- Table 129: Market opportunity assessment for graphane applications……………………………………… 211
- Table 130: Market opportunity assessment for hexagonal boron nitride applications……………….. 215
- Table 131: Market opportunity assessment for molybdenum disulfide applications………………….. 220
- Table 132: Market opportunity assessment for Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 222
- Table 133: Market opportunity assessment for silicene applications………………………………………… 225
- Table 134: Market opportunity assessment for stanine/tinene applications………………………………. 227
- Table 135: Market opportunity assessment for tungsten diselenide applications……………………… 229
- Table 136: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials……………………………. 232
- Table 137: Graphene producers and types produced matrix……………………………………………………. 238
- Table 138: Graphene producers target market matrix………………………………………………………………. 246
- Table 139: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets………….. 250
- Table 140: Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix………………………… 253
FIGURES
- Figure 1: Global market for graphene 2010-2027 in tons/year……………………………………………………. 29
- Figure 2: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. …………… 38
- Figure 3: Graphene fabrication methods…………………………………………………………………………………….. 41
- Figure 4: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018……………………………… 44
- Figure 5: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018………………………………….. 46
- Figure 6: CVD Graphene on Cu Foil…………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
- Figure 7: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer………………………….. 51
- Figure 8: Global demand for graphene 2010-2017 in tons/year………………………………………………….. 56
- Figure 9: Demand for graphene, by market, 2017………………………………………………………………………. 68
- Figure 10: Demand for graphene, by market, 2027…………………………………………………………………….. 69
- Figure 11: Graphene epoxy adhesive…………………………………………………………………………………………. 72
- Figure 12: Investment opportunity for graphene in adhesives…………………………………………………….. 74
- Figure 13: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in aerospace………………………………… 80
- Figure 14: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive sector………………. 86
- Figure 15: Investment opportunity for graphene in the coatings market……………………………………… 92
- Figure 16: Investment opportunity for graphene in the composites market………………………………… 99
- Figure 17: Graphene printed antenna………………………………………………………………………………………. 101
- Figure 18: BGT Materials graphene ink product……………………………………………………………………….. 102
- Figure 19: Vorbeck Materials Vor-inkTM conductive electronics printed through flexographic techniques………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 104
- Figure 20: Potential addressable market for graphene in the conductive ink market………………… 107
- Figure 21: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application………………………………………….. 109
- Figure 22: Galapad Settler smartphone……………………………………………………………………………………. 109
- Figure 23:Flexible graphene touchscreen…………………………………………………………………………………. 112
- Figure 24: Potential addressable market for graphene in electronics……………………………………….. 118
- Figure 25: Potential addressable market for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market…………………………………………………………………………………. 119
- Figure 26: Potential addressable market for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 120
- Figure 27: The SkelStart Engine Start Module 2.0 based on the graphene-based SkelCap ultracapacitors…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 126
- Figure 28: H600 concept car…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 129
- Figure 29: Anion concept car……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 130
- Figure 30: Potential addressable market for graphene in the thin film, flexible and printed batteries market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 138
- Figure 31: Potential addressable market for graphene in supercapacitors……………………………….. 139
- Figure 32: Potential addressable market for graphene in photovoltaics……………………………………. 140
- Figure 33: Potential addressable market for graphene in fuel cells…………………………………………… 142
- Figure 34: Graphene anti-smog mask………………………………………………………………………………………. 144
- Figure 35: Graphene-based E-skin patch…………………………………………………………………………………. 151
- Figure 36: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in the biomedical and healthcare market……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 156
- Figure 37: Directa-Plus Grafysorber…………………………………………………………………………………………. 166
- Figure 38: Antistatic graphene tire……………………………………………………………………………………………. 172
- Figure 39: Potential addressable market for graphene in the sensors market………………………….. 181
- Figure 40: Schematic of 2-D materials……………………………………………………………………………………… 193
- Figure 41: Black phosphorus structure……………………………………………………………………………………… 195
- Figure 42: Black Phosphorus crystal………………………………………………………………………………………… 196
- Figure 43: Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 198
- Figure 44: Graphitic carbon nitride……………………………………………………………………………………………. 202
- Figure 45: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology……………………………. 203
- Figure 46: Schematic of germanene…………………………………………………………………………………………. 205
- Figure 47: Graphdiyne structure……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 207
- Figure 48: Schematic of Graphane crystal………………………………………………………………………………… 210
- Figure 49: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride………………………………………………………………………… 212
- Figure 50: BN nanosheet textiles application……………………………………………………………………………. 214
- Figure 51: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide…………………………………………………………………….. 216
- Figure 52: SEM image of MoS2………………………………………………………………………………………………… 217
- Figure 53: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor…………. 218
- Figure 54: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge……………………………………………………………………………… 219
- Figure 55: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide……………………………………………………….. 221
- Figure 56: Silicene structure……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 223
- Figure 57: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate…………………………………………………………. 223
- Figure 58: Silicene transistor…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 224
- Figure 59: Crystal structure for stanene……………………………………………………………………………………. 226
- Figure 60: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)……………………………………. 227
- Figure 61: Schematic of tungsten diselenide……………………………………………………………………………. 228
- Figure 62: Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe)………………………………………………………………………. 231
- Figure 63: 15-inch single-layer graphene sheet being prepared in the Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences……………………………………………….. 243
